Chapter 3 The Three Guards of Jianzhou

Section 1: Three Jurchen Parts that Attributed to the Ming Dynasty

The dew is delicate and the wind is green. The evening show in the world is not accidental. The fairy style is light and beautiful. Who can compare? The Jurchen attire is so similar. The beauty at the banquet holds the green mantle. The slender jade hands move the new pistil. The flowers are shadowed by a glass of wine. Invite the guests to get drunk. Red Qiong worked together to make Xunxunmei.

The Three Guards of Jianzhou is an unavoidable topic in the history of the Jurchens. From the early years of the Ming Dynasty until the founding of the Qing Dynasty, the Three Guards of Jianzhou have been active in the land of Liaodong, China. The Three Guards of Jianzhou have witnessed the glory of the Ming Dynasty. It also accelerated his defeat. The rise and fall of the Three Guards of Jianzhou was closely related to the demise of the Ming Dynasty. It was precisely because of the Ming Dynasty's mistakes in its policy towards the Jurchens in Liaodong that the Qing troops finally entered the pass. The Three Guards of Jianzhou Wei's history affects the entire history of China, and even the history of the entire world.

In the Ming Dynasty, they were still called Jurchen or Nvzhi, but when the Qing government compiled the "History of the Ming Dynasty", all words describing Jurchen were removed. Not only that, there was no Jurchen or Jurchen in the dictionary compiled by the Qing Dynasty. Straight characters, so why is this?

After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, in order to better control the Jurchens in the Northeast, Kaiyuan Road was changed to Kaiyuan Road. This organization was responsible for managing the ethnic minorities in the entire Northeast. At this time, the Jurchens were very widely distributed in the Northeast, and until now , Northeast Jurchens can be roughly divided into three groups: Jianzhou Jurchens, Haixi Jurchens, and Savage Jurchens. Let’s talk about Jianzhou Jurchens first. The name Jianzhou has been around for a long time. In the Tang Dynasty, three Jurchens were established in the Bohai Sea region. Prefectures, including Jianzhou. The administrative seat of Jianzhou is now Dachengzi, Dongning County, Heilongjiang Province. Later, Jianzhou was moved again and again. During the Liao Kingdom, it was moved to the south of Linghe River, and later to the north of Linghe River. Later, Jianzhou was It has become a title that no longer matches the place name. During the Yuan Dynasty, the Jianzhou Jurchens moved to the east bank of the Songhua River and the northwest area of ​​the Hailan River, and moved around Changbai Mountain over a wide range.

In the Ming Dynasty, Jianzhou Jurchens were called Jurchens in the broad sense of the Yuan Dynasty - descendants of the Huli Gai people. Jianzhou Jurchens in the Yuan Dynasty belonged to the Jurchens in the narrow sense of the Yuan Dynasty - Jin Dai Jurchen, they used to live in the Jianzhou area of ​​the Yuan Dynasty during the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, and later integrated into the Haixi Jurchen during the Ming Dynasty. Speaking of Haixi Jurchen, Haixi is the name of the administrative region during the Yuan Dynasty and belongs to Liaoyang Xingzhongshu Province , Jurchens who are mainly distributed in the vast areas of the Songhua River and Heilongjiang river basins north of Kaiyuan. Where is Haixi? This place is in the middle reaches of the Songhua River from the current mouth of Yitong River to Yilan. The Jurchens in Haixi are mainly in Songhua Activities on both sides of the Yangtze River. The Haixi Jurchens are no longer purely Jurchens. These Jurchens are the Jurchens in the narrow sense of the Yuan Dynasty. In addition to these, some people from other ethnic groups have also been integrated into the Jurchens.

Savage Jurchens. Also known as "Haidong Jurchens" or "Qilemi" in the Ming Dynasty, referring to the Jurchens of Jianzhou, Haixi Jurchens to the east and north, including the Jurchens of Huerha, Woji, Warka and other tribes in the East China Sea. .They are active along the lower reaches of Heilongjiang. In fact, the Savage Jurchens are mainly from various tribes of the Eastern branch of the Tungus language family, and have little relationship with the Jurchens of the Jin Dynasty. Perhaps it is because the production level of these Jurchens is low, and their socioeconomic and cultural characteristics are relatively low. Because they were backward, they were called "savage Jurchens".

In the Ming Dynasty, there were several major groups of Jurchens: the first one was the Beishan Savages, and Beishan pointed out that there were several major groups of Jurchens: the first one was the Beishan Savages, and "Beishan" refers to the mountain north of Nuerqian, that is, Waixing'an.

The mountainous area from the north of the mountain to the north coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, because they like to ride deer in and out, they are called the Shilu tribe, the ancestors of the current Oroqen people; the second one is the Wuze barbarian, and "Wuzhe" is the pronunciation of "Wujia"

, Wujia is a branch of Shiwei, belonging to the Donghu ethnic group. They live in the three river basins of Songhua River, Heilongjiang, and Ussuli River. They are the ancestors of the modern Hezhen ethnic group. "Hezhe" is the Manchu word for "forest". It was used in the Qing Dynasty

Translated as "Wuji", "Woji", etc.; the third one is the East China Sea Jurchen located in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, the outer Xing'an Mountains in the north and south and even Sakhalin Island, and the coast of the North Sea (Sea of ​​Okhotsk). They live in flat-roofed houses with roofs on them.

Open the hole and use a ladder to go up and down. In addition, there are Kuwu people (Kuyi) on Sakhalin Island, which are the present-day Ainu people.

According to the records of the Ming Dynasty, Sheng Jurchen, Qilemi, Beishan Savage, etc. all belong to the Savage Jurchen tribe. These Savage Jurchen tribes are widely distributed and mainly live in the lower reaches of the Songhua River and the north of Heilongjiang. There are also some Savages.

The Jurchen tribes lived at the junction of what is now Heilongjiang and Russia and within Russia. Many tribes in the area south of Heilongjiang were later conquered by Nurhachi and Huang Taiji, who moved them southward. However, they are distributed in the Ussuri River Basin and north of Heilongjiang.

Some tribes in the area were basically not integrated into the Manchus. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, these people formed several large clans, including Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen, Feyak, etc. According to historical records, the Qilimi tribe of the savage Jurchen tribe

The people live in thatched houses and make a living by fishing. They like to carve words on their faces. Both men and women keep their hair long, rarely bathe, and wear straight clothes made of animal skins. They go out in the wild in the summer and live in the house in the winter.

They eat grains and raise more dogs. These dogs serve as vehicles and are used for pulling. The Chilemites have begun to cremate the dead. They have a strong character and are greedy. They have red tassels on their hats and hunt for food.

In the early years of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang sent troops to exterminate the participating forces of the Yuan Dynasty, and the northwest and northern border areas stabilized. Zhu Yuanzhang was able to free up his hands to manage the northeastern region. At the beginning, the Ming Dynasty government sent envoys to the remaining forces of the Yuan Dynasty to persuade

They surrendered, and Pingzhang Liu Yi, the province of Liaoyang in the Yuan Dynasty, surrendered. After the Ming Dynasty took over Liaodong, it established the Liaodong Guard Command Department on the basis of the original Liaoyang province of the Yuan Dynasty. In 1373 AD, Liaoyang Prefecture and County were established. The Liaodong Capital Command

The envoys held military and political power and had jurisdiction over all the troops and horses in Liaodong. The administrative area was located in Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, and the area under its jurisdiction was basically equivalent to most of the current Liaoning Province. The Ming Dynasty began to fully implement the policy of recruiting Jurchen ministries, and also established three

The two states of Wei were used to accommodate the Jurchens moving inward. With the support of these Ming Dynasty policies, many Jurchen tribe leaders led their tribes to defect, and some of them were later re-employed by the imperial court. During this period,

The Ming Dynasty also received help from some Jurchen tribes. At that time, in order to operate the Northeast region, waterways were needed, so the transportation of grain, grass and other materials needed by soldiers could only be transported by ships. Therefore, during the Ming Dynasty, the shipbuilding industry developed rapidly

During the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang, a large number of Jurchen tribe leaders came to surrender, and some expressed their willingness to recruit other Jurchen tribes for the Ming court. Zhu Yuanzhang rewarded them heavily and asked them to persuade other tribes to come and surrender. Sure enough,

Many tribes came to submit. During the Yongle period of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Di sent people to the Jurchen tribes in the vast areas on the coast of the East China Sea, such as Sakhalin Island in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, to announce an edict to the Jurchen tribes, asking them to come quickly to pay tribute. For a time, the Hercynian Jurchen tribes

, the leaders of Jianzhou Jurchen and Donghai Jurchen tribes came to surrender one after another. These three major Jurchen tribes all surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, and other Jurchen tribes did not dare to neglect. The Ming Dynasty government took active resettlement measures and still let their original chiefs or leaders

He took charge of the headquarters and allocated land to them, allowing them to cultivate and hunt freely, and live in peace. However, from then on they fell under the jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty. With the submission of most of the Jurchen tribes, the Ming Dynasty's rule in the Northeast gradually stabilized.

Many health centers have been established in the Northeast.

The Weisuo system was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty. It is a new military system that combines farming and defense. Its concept comes from the military system of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. "Wei" and "Suo" are both military units, and "Suo" is divided into

Thousand Households and Hundred Households. In terms of the number of soldiers, the Guard is roughly equivalent to the current division, while the Guard is equivalent to the regiment, and the Hundred Households is equivalent to the company. According to the number of soldiers in the early Ming Dynasty, there were roughly 5,600 people.

One guard, one thousand one hundred and twenty people, is a thousand-household place, and one hundred and twelve people is a one-hundred-household place. Usually, each guard has five thousand-household places, and each thousand-household has ten hundred-household places, and one hundred-household place.

There are two general banners and ten small banners under the jurisdiction of the household station; each general banner has fifty people and each small banner has ten people. The guard station has guard commanders, thousand households, hundred households and other official positions. ("Outline of Chinese History") The guard station has

All sergeants have separate household registrations and are assigned land, which is called a military household. There is a capital command department at the top of the Wei Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, there were 17 capital departments and three line capital departments in the country. The central department was divided into center, left, right, front and back.

The capital of the five armies is responsible for the management of the capital and the garrison. In addition, the Qianhusuo where the separate garrison is directly under the jurisdiction of the capital commander is called the garrison Qianhusuo; there is also one of the few called "the imperial garrison".

"It is a military organization that manages two to three thousand households.

In the 20th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, that is, in 1387 AD, the Ming Dynasty established 30,000 Liaodong guards in what is now Jilin Province. After that, several more were added. By the Yongle period, the Ming Dynasty established military units in the Jianzhou area.

State Guards, Wu Zhe Guards were set up in the Haixi area. From the northeast of Kaiyuan to the west of Songhua River, the Ming Dynasty successively set up 184 guards, which did not include the Wu Zhe Guards and other 20 guard posts. In 1409 AD, the Ming Dynasty established

Nurgan Dusi. The jurisdiction of this agency starts from the Onen River in the west, to Sakhalin Island in the east, to the Transkhinggan Mountains in the north, and to the Sea of ​​Japan in the south, including the Heilongjiang River Basin and the Ussuri River Basin to Sakhalin Island.

area.

Starting from November of the first year of Yongle, the Ming Dynasty established a total of 368 guards and 20 stations in the Jurchen region of Northeast China. There were 25 guards in the Liaodong area alone, and their jurisdiction reached the Yalu River in the east and the Yalu River in the west.

Shanhaiguan, reaching Lushunkou in the south, and Kaiyuan in the north. In just a few years, the Ming government brought the vast northeastern region, including some islands and lands under the jurisdiction of Russia, into its effective jurisdiction. At that time, the Ming Dynasty government

The management agency established by the DPRK government in the Privet area did not allow Han officials to serve as chiefs, but the local Jurchen tribe leaders. In addition to the hereditary leaders of the Jurchen tribe, each grassroots organization can also recommend two comparative leaders.

Talented people serve as leaders. Under the big leader, there can be several subordinate subordinate leaders, divided into sizes and ranks according to his power. Every morning, these leaders, just like the emperor in the morning, summon their relatives and tribes. If anything happens,

Just give the order and disperse on your own if there is nothing to do. These leaders do not have guards, and you do not have standing soldiers in the tribe. Therefore, the leader cannot forcefully restrain his subordinates, and sometimes subordinates make mistakes, so they should not reprimand them too much, otherwise they may cause trouble.

Some leaders even fear the revenge of their subordinates every day. It can be seen that these leaders are in a high-risk industry. Moreover, leaders have no right to control and exploit their subordinates at will, nor do they have the right to expropriate their production materials. Subordinates also have the right to act without notifying the leader.

Under such circumstances, they privately decided to leave the tribe and make a living elsewhere.

During the Ming Dynasty, slaves were still prevalent in Jurchen society, and slaves had a proper noun called aha. Generally, leaders and wealthy families had two, three, or five or six slaves. Most of these slaves also had to engage in production activities and provide food.

The employer does housework. Most of these slaves were snatched from Han areas and the Korean border, and a small number were snatched from each other by Jurchen tribes. However, many of these slaves escaped. These people are different from the slaves of Han nobles.

Due to limited living conditions, these slaves usually eat at the same table and even sleep on the same bed as their masters. Of course, the Jurchens sleep not on beds, but on kangs. Among the Jurchen tribes, if there is such a major event as fighting or looting,

When something happens, the leader will use the method of passing arrows or mink skins as a letter to inform each other within the tribe. If two tribes want to decide the winner, they will form a team of members of the tribe, and the two tribes will fight against each other.

The strength of the troops on both sides determines the winner. The tribe with the weakest troops can borrow troops from other tribes, but they will have to compensate for the number of troops lost after the war. If the coalition is defeated and gains nothing, the borrowed tribe will sometimes use the borrowed troops to

and plundered the weak villages among the tribes.

While managing the Jurchen region in Northeast China, the Ming Dynasty also granted Ming Dynasty official positions to these leaders, large and small. For those Jurchens who came to submit to themselves, the Ming Dynasty government would let them rule among themselves, hunt and herd, and do their own thing.

Anshengye, in short, they have a certain degree of autonomy and can enjoy the wealth they have accumulated. Under the social environment at that time, it can be seen that the Korean government still implemented a relatively loose ethnic autonomy policy for the areas where the Jurchens were located, so Ligustrum lucidum

The health system in areas where people live is different from that in other areas. In fact, to a certain extent, it was the Ming government's lax policy towards the Jurchens that ultimately led to the rise of the Jurchens.

It was out of control. The guard system had both administrative and military functions. The Jurchen tribe leaders were different from the leaders of other ethnic minority areas when they were officials. The official positions they held were all hereditary. However, the Jurchen officials only had official positions and no salary.

It's just that every time they go to the capital to pay tribute, they will receive rewards from the court. According to historical records, every time a Jurchen leader comes to the capital of the Ming Dynasty, he will receive an edict from an official appointed by the emperor, with official seals and certificates, as well as reward items. Ming Dynasty

The DPRK government stipulated that the Ligustrum people should pay tribute from Kaiyuan to the capital every winter. Among all the Jurchen tribes, only the Barbarian Jurchen tribes could pay tribute at different times because of the long and remote roads.

Historical materials also record the tribute regulations that the Ming Dynasty government asked Cao Yi, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong Province, to read to the Ligustrum people. First, if there is an emergency military situation, no matter what time it is, they must report to the court in time. Second,

The rest are allowed to pay tribute or hold official positions. For such matters, they are allowed to come to the court once a year or once every three years. They do not need to come too frequently. Thirdly, if you want to do business, there is a trading market in Kaiyuan area of ​​Liaodong.

Come to the capital. The Ming government allows the Jurchen leaders to pay tribute to the capital every year. On the surface, this is to allow the Jurchens to pay tribute to the Ming court. In fact, it is a disguised form of subsidy for the Jurchens. Among the items that the Jurchens paid tribute, most of them

Most of them are local specialties. Most of them are horses, as well as mink skin, rat skin, Shelesun skin, sea turtle, falcon, yellow eagle, donkey-hide gelatin, special horn, etc.

For the Jurchen envoys who came to the capital, the Ming government adopted the policy of paying less tribute and returning more. It can be said that the Jurchens were treated very favorably. The Jurchen leaders would also regard each visit to the capital as tribute as their main source of income. The imperial court gave Jurchens

The value and quantity of the items returned by the real people first depend on the amount and value of the tribute paid by the Jurchens, and secondly, they also depend on the status and official position of the envoys sent by the Jurchens. According to historical records, the governor rewarded the colored satin with four exteriors and one exterior.

Including colored satin, several pieces of silk), two pieces of folded silk; commanded to reward two pieces of colored satin, four pieces of silk, one piece of folded silk, and a set of gold-woven silk clothes; commanded to appreciate one piece of colored satin, two pieces of silk, four pieces of silk

A horse, a piece of folded silk, and a set of Suji silk clothes. Each of the above officials was also rewarded with a pair of boots and socks. Thousands of households, the governor, the housekeeper, and the leader were each rewarded with folded clothes and colored satin.

, four bolts of silk, one bolt of folded banknote silk. Each person who came to court on an official occasion was given two silk clothes, colored satin - both inside and outside, one bolt of folded banknote silk, and one pair of boots and socks. In addition to these, there were additional rewards.

In addition to rewards, the Ming government would also set up sumptuous banquets to entertain the Jurchen envoys. In order to receive them, the Ming court set up the Seyi Pavilion at the right gate of Chang'an, Beijing in 1407, specifically to receive Jurchen tributes. Ligustrum lucidum

After people have paid tribute and received rewards from the Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of Rites will host a banquet in honor of them in the Huitongguan, which was established later. The banquet is of high standard, with rich dishes, fine wines and delicacies, and everything you need. The Ming Dynasty court concession can be found in the streets of the capital.

They carried out trade for five days, and then left Beijing on their own, and could buy and sell freely along the way. Due to Zhu Yuanzhang's severe purge of officials in the early Ming Dynasty, the officials in the border areas were relatively clean at that time, and the policy of "thick exchanges and thin exchanges" was better achieved

Implementation and execution of this policy also brought some bad consequences. The most obvious one is that the Jurchen tribes were greedy for rewards and rushed to pay tribute, which also brought great economic pressure to the Ming Dynasty. According to records, the Ming Dynasty

In the early years of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the Haixi Jurchens and Jianzhou Jurchens came to pay tribute. Assuming that they came once a year and 1,500 people came each time, then the money given back by the Ming court would be in the tens of thousands. From then on, the number of Jurchens paying tribute increased year by year.

, the gifts they came to pay tribute were relatively frivolous. Some paid tribute with one horse or three or five horses. Such a small tribute could easily cost thirty or forty people. Some of them came back again on their way back. Rewards from the Ming Dynasty Court

Expenses increased, and over time they became overwhelmed. In the end, they could only once again restrict the number and time of Jurchen tribes coming to Beijing to pay tribute. In 1436 AD, the Ming Dynasty issued an order that only two or three ethnic minorities would be allowed to come to pay tribute in the future.

Individuals, up to four or five people can come. Without the seal and official documents of the local management agency, no one is allowed to enter. In 1464 AD, the Ming court once again ordered to limit the number of tributes. The number of envoys allowed to come per guard was not certain.

Repeated impersonations are allowed, and everyone must complete the review before they can enter.

This section introduces the fifth emperor of the Jin Kingdom - Jin Shizong Wanyan Yong.

Jin Shizong generally refers to Wanyan Yong. Jin Shizong Wanyan Yong (1123-1189), formerly known as Wanyanju (yòu), with the courtesy name Yanju, Jurchen name Wulu, the grandson of Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda, Jin Ruizong Wanyan Zongfu

The son of his mother, Empress Zhenyi, Li Shi, was the fifth emperor of the Jin Dynasty. He reigned from 1161 to 1189 and occupied a very important position in the middle period of the Jin Dynasty. Hailing King Wanyan Liang stayed in Tokyo (Liaoyang) during the Song Dynasty, and was later

He was proclaimed emperor. Jin Shizong stopped the war of invasion of the Song Dynasty, worked hard to govern, and partially eliminated the bad governance during the reign of King Hailing. Wanyan Yong was very simple and did not wear silk dragon robes, which filled the treasury of the Jin Dynasty and allowed farmers to live a relatively prosperous life.

, the world is well-off. The realization of the "Government of Great Ding" laid the foundation for the heyday of his grandson Jin Zhangzong's rule of Mingchang. Jin Shizong was also called "Little Yao and Shun". The period of King Hailing was stopped during the reign of Wanyan Yong.

They strictly implemented Sinicization, promoted a moderate "Jurchen-based" ethnic policy, and actively launched the "Jurchen Cultural Revival Movement" based on the adoption of Han systems. They lowered the status of the Han people while improving the treatment of the Jurchen tribe. Therefore, ethnic conflicts have

Increased to a certain extent. In the 29th year of Dading (1189), Wan Yanyong died at the age of 67. His posthumous title was Guangtian Xingyun, Wende and Martial Arts Saint Ming Renxiao, and his temple name was Shizong. He was buried in Xingling.

Wanyan Yong's father, Wanyan Zongyao (originally named Zongfu), was the third son of Wanyan Aguda. Wanyan Zongyao was more intelligent. When Wanyan Aguda's disciples led troops on expeditions, Wanyan Zongyao often made plans. He

Advocating the use of the Han system to deal with Han people is somewhat different from the killing policy promoted by Wanyan Zonghan and others.

In the thirteenth year of Tianhui (1135), Wanyan Zongyao passed away. Wanyan Yong was only 12 years old at that time. His mother Li Hongyuan was born in the Bohai family of Liaoyang and was smart and capable. The young Jin Shizong was mainly educated by his mother.

According to custom, after the death of the husband, the wife should marry a member of the clan. However, the Li family was unwilling to accept this backward custom, so she became a nun in Liaoyang. Wanyanyong was tall and tall, had a calm and sensible personality, and was good at riding and shooting.

When he was young, every time he went hunting, many old people came to see him and admired his riding and shooting skills. "The people of the country ranked him first." He was a generous man and often accompanied his uncles on expeditions. The soldiers all respected him. Jin Xizong
To be continued...