Chapter 5: The Jurchens after the fall of the Jin Kingdom

The servant is the chief of the leather hat, and the squid is tall and the crown is better than the Liujia. He is a Jurchen girl, and the thirteenth petite call tea.

In 1234 AD, the Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the Mongolians and lasted for a total of 120 years. So how did the once prosperous Jurchens die step by step?

During the Jin Dynasty, there were about 2 million Jurchen Meng'an Mouke who stayed in the Northeast, mainly living in the Heilongjiang and Ussuri River basins. In the Yuan Dynasty, this place belonged to the Lingbei Province and later became the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Province. Some Jurchens lived in the current territory of Russia, and some were in North Korea. In the late Jin Dynasty, wars continued frequently, and many of these Jurchens migrated outward, which led to a sharp decline in the population in the Northeast. There were also a considerable number of Jurchens living eastward to the territory of Dongzhen founded by Puxian Wannu. Puxian Wannu is Jin

A famous general of the country once led his army to resist Mongolia. In 1215 AD, Pu Xianwannu betrayed the Jin Kingdom and established the country Dazhen, and changed the reign to Tiantai. Later, he surrendered to Mongolia, but he betrayed Mongolia again. In 1218, he established the Dongzhen Kingdom, in the mountain city of Tumenmopan Village, Jilin Province. Later, he followed Mongolia and Goryeo to encircle and suppress the Khitan uprising army, and then occupied the eastern part of Liaodong. In 1233, Pu Xianwannu was killed by the Mongols and the Dongzhen Kingdom was destroyed. Later, based on verification, it was found that the Dongzhen Kingdom, as a vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty, had existed for decades.

In a narrow sense, the Jurchens of the Yuan Dynasty refer to descendants of the Jin Dynasty Jurchens who lived on both sides of the Songhua River in the North, and in a broad sense, they refer to multiple ethnic groups in the Tungus language family in the Northeast, including the Jurchens, especially from the Yilou clan, which was called the Huli Bing people in the Yuan Dynasty (later the Jurchens of the Yuan Dynasty, the Jurchens of the Jianzhou Jurchens and the Manchu ancestors). Although the Yilou clans and Huli Bing people had a small amount of integration into the Jurchen people before the Yuan Dynasty, the Huli Bing people had little to do with the Jurchens before the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, Huli Bing people

Wu Chun, the leader of the Wendun tribe, once said: "How can a lot of dogs have children together? How can Huliga and the Jurchens get married?" Therefore, in addition to the title of "Female Zhi", there are many other titles. Why is the Jurchen also called Female Zhi? This is because when Yelu Zongzhen of Liao Xingzong was in power, he called Jurchens a female star in order to avoid the taboo of the emperor. But later, from the research of the Yuan Dynasty,

Nu Zhi is not the general term for Jurchens in broad sense, but the narrow term for Jurchens. It does not include messy ethnic minorities, nor does it necessarily include Jurchens scattered within the Great Wall. The reality of Nu Zhi recorded in historical materials of the Yuan Dynasty is basically Jurchens in the northeast region, and there are few records of Jurchens in other regions. The reason for this situation is that it is very likely that the Jurchens, who were distributed in the Songhua River Basin and northeast of the Songhua River, were named after his headquarters instead of the Jurchens in general, and it is also possible that they were called by the production characteristics of these people at that time. The second is that most of the Jurchens living within the Great Wall have been integrated into the Han people. On the other hand, these Jurchens have now lost their power and are no longer the upper class people of the country. They are few and afraid of receiving revenge from their previous enemies, so they dare not call themselves Jurchens. This is probably the reason why there are very few Jurchens in the Great Wall involved in the Yuan Dynasty.

The distribution area of ​​the Yuan Dynasty was not introduced in the Yuan Dynasty. However, based on clues, these Jurchens should have lived in the southern part of Kaiyuan Road, etc. The distribution area of ​​the Femalechens was about to reach the junction of Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in the north, to the Liaodong Peninsula in the south, to the Yalu River in the east, to the two banks of the Liaohe River in the west, and to the southwest, to Shanhaiguan. The Jurchens living in this area became residents of the Liaodong Direct Guard after the Yuan Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. Because they lived with the Han people and other ethnic minorities for a long time, their ethnic characteristics had basically disappeared by the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and most of them were integrated into the Han people or other ethnic minorities. These people were not the direct ancestors of the Manchus later.

During the 120 years of existence of the Jin Dynasty, it was the time when the Jurchens widely and deeply absorbed the Han culture the fastest and most. The Jurchen society developed rapidly during this period. During this period, the Jurchens who entered the Northeast, including the Jurchens who entered the North China, gradually merged with the Han people until they were completely assimilated. After the demise of the Jin Dynasty, many Jurchens died in the war, and some Jurchens were driven back to their hometowns and later began to scatter in various parts of the Northeast. After the founding of the Mongolian Kingdom, they were very afraid of the Jurchens, a nation that once destroyed the Liao and Northern Song dynasties.

, he began to find ways to strengthen the management and rule of the Jurchens. In order to control the Jurchens, the Yuan Dynasty established many institutions. At first, the two ten thousand houses were established, Kaiyuan and Nanjing, and later many ten thousand houses were established to manage the north. These institutions were personally appointed by the Mongols. These people had great local military and political power. During the reign of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan, several prosecutorial departments were established. Later, the Xingzhong Secretariat was established in Liaoyang and other places, and the Jurchens were also under the jurisdiction of the provincial government. Under the ten thousand houses, many thousand houses were established.

According to historical records

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To be continued...