After being fed by the Red Army's interference foil, Germany stepped up its countermeasures in the field of electronic warfare. On the one hand, it organized electronic technology experts to study anti-interference measures, including radar frequency conversion anti-active interference technology and the use of Doppler effect to distinguish relatively fixed foils from moving targets.

On the other hand, the German army also found ways from other aspects. The so-called other aspects are that long-range strategic bombing against the Red Army must be piloted or navigation. If the Red Army's pilot aircraft can be killed or interfered with the Red Army's navigation measures, can we lure the Red Army's strategic bombers into the wrong direction?

The Germans put a lot of effort into this regard. At that time, the Red Army's civilian and military airports generally used the Lawrence radio navigation system and its improved model. This system consists of two exactly the same directional antennas. The middle part of the beams emitted by the two antennas overlaps together. One beam emits the Morse "point" signal and the other beam emits the Morse "splash" signal.

When an aircraft flies in overlapping beams, they can hear two signals at the same time. Because these two signals overlap, they sound like a continuous signal. If the aircraft staggers, the pilot hears a "point" or a "skipping" signal. Based on this, the route can be corrected.

However, the problem with this system is that it can only determine direction but not determine the real-time position of the aircraft, and it still requires excellent navigators to navigate. In the late 1930s, the Red Army improved this system and developed a new navigation system. The beam generated by the system consists of several Lawrence beams. One of them is the main beam, also known as the inbound guided beam, which directly points to the target and navigate the aircraft formation.

The remaining beams are auxiliary beams, intersecting with the main beam at a predetermined interval at a certain location, because the driver can determine his position based on the beam. This system is used in combination with a timer. At the intersection point between the main beam and the last auxiliary beam (5,000 meters away from the target), the timer controls the bomb to be automatically released.

After the successful development of this system, the Red Army immediately established system outlets in East Prussia and East Poland. At that time, the maximum effective navigation distance of this system was 27o kilometers. The average bomb drop error was meter.

Of course, with the fall of East Poland, this system can only be used in East Prussia, and with its effective combat distance, it can only meet the needs of bombing limited cities such as Berlin and Warsaw. However, even so, this system was quite successful, causing a lot of trouble to Germany in 1942.

Hitler believed that in order to lift the Red Army's bombing on Berlin, the system must be paralyzed. Soon, Germany found the working frequency and working mode of the first-generation navigation system of the Red Army through interrogation of captured Red Army Air Force pilots and analysis of electronic equipment on downed bombers.

The first countermeasure given by German scientists was to use noise interference to invalidate its guidance system, but if you do so, the Red Army will immediately notice it, so this simple measure was abandoned. After thinking hard, the Germans developed a "fence" deception system, which was installed on the East Prussian border, and the transmitter was fifteen kilometers away from the receiver. After the receiver received the Red Army's navigation signal, the transmitter immediately fired from the directional antenna with much stronger power, but its shooting angle was different from the signal of the Red Army's navigation system.

In this way, the Red Army bomber pilots heard the German deception signals, so they drove the plane away from the correct course. For a time, the Red Army strategic bomber was guided to the unmanned wilderness or wasteland by the "fence" signal, and was lost for a long time. Sometimes they even exhausted their fuel and had to land in Germany. During that time, the important reason for the poor performance of strategic bombing that Alxnis liked was that there was a problem with the navigation.

However, the Red Army soon noticed Germany's "fence" deception system, so they immediately developed the second generation of navigation system, which the Germans called it "archers". This new system has only two launchers, which emit "point" and "slash" signals of the same intensity, and there is only one main beam and one auxiliary beam.

The main beam and the auxiliary beam intersect over the target, which is both simple and easy to master. It also improves the accuracy of the bombing and achieves good results. However, the confrontation is always there. When large and medium-sized cities such as Berlin were once again blown up by the Red Army, the Germans began to think of ways again.

Soon they found the physical object of the "Archer" system on the crashed bomber. It was found that its main working frequency was 39 MHz. Then the Germans immediately developed the "Shield" system. The system fired the "point" signal or "slash" signal of the "Archer" system with strong firing power, but made the beam slightly left or right, allowing the Red Army bombers to deviate without realizing it. In addition, the German electronic reconnaissance system can also detect where the beams of the "Archer" system intersect, so that they knew the Red Army's bombing target in advance. Naturally, they could wait and see.

However, this method is not without problems, because when the Red Army developed the "archer" system, it thought that the system would likely expose the targets of the Red Army's bombing. Therefore, when using this system to guide the bombing, it deliberately used multiple antennas to direct multiple targets, making the Germans unable to understand the targets of the Red Army's real attack. In addition, with the change of the escort system, after the Red Army fighter troops were freed from the constraints of the bomber, the Red Army would deliberately use directional antennas to create fake air strike targets, lure German fighter jets over, and then send larger-scale fighter jet troops to annihilate them.

Of course, none of these can fundamentally solve the problem. As long as radio navigation is used, signals will inevitably be radiated, and it is only a matter of time before these signals are intercepted by the enemy. Therefore, when the Red Army is constantly improving the radio navigation system (there will be continued to note other navigation methods later.

The so-called other navigation methods are actually inertial navigation. Based on the principle of Newtonian mechanics, by measuring the addition of the carrier in the inertial reference system, integrating it into the navigation coordinate system, you can obtain relatively accurate information such as degrees, yaw angle and position.

To achieve inertial navigation, the most important thing is the "inertial sensor", which is generally called "inertial instrument". They independently measure the movement of objects relative to space based on the principle of inertia, without any external reference or information, such as radio waves, light, magnetic fields, etc.??

Among them, the instrument that measures the angular motion of an object is called a "gyroscope", and the instrument that measures the motion of an object line is called an "applicationmeter". These two instruments can fully measure the movement of the six degrees of freedom of an object.

These two instruments are actually not unfamiliar with them. Gyroscopes are the most heard. The famous V2 missiles in World War II used mechanical gyroscopes. The principle of the gyroscope is actually very simple. After the gyroscope is rotated, its axis will remain fixed in the fixed direction. This is actually a manifestation of inertia, also known as the fixed axis of the gyroscope.

Put the gyroscope in an airplane or ship to measure the deflection angle of these carriers relative to the fixed axis of the gyroscope, so that the carrier can be controlled to be in a correct posture or heading.

But this reason sounds simple, but it is quite difficult to implement. Because the fixed axis of the gyroscope is conditional, it is not allowed to interfere with it. That is to say, there cannot be any external disturbance after the gyroscope is running. Once there is disturbance, the axial direction of the gyroscope will deflect, which is called "drift" in inertial technology. The angle of drift is proportional to the magnitude of the external interference.

So the gyroscope looks good, but in fact we all know that it is impossible not to disturb it at all, because the rotor of the gyroscope cannot be suspended in the air by itself, and it must be supported by a frame. Therefore, any gyroscope rotor cannot have no friction torque. Therefore, reducing the friction torque becomes a roadblock to the manufacturing of high-precision gyroscopes!

This roadblock can be said to have damaged the brains of relevant experts, but there will be motivation when there is a challenge. A group of outstanding experts have devoted themselves to the problem. In 19o8, German scientist Dr. Anthusz designed a marine single-rotor pendulum gyro sutra. In 1911, Dr. Sporry from the United States also manufactured a single-rotor gyro sutra suspended with steel wire, which was completely different from Dr. Anthusz. This is actually an early mechanical gyro.

During World War II, Hitler launched a batch of doomsday weapons in order to save his inevitable failure. For example, the V2 missile, a mechanical gyroscope supported by huge ball bearings gave V2 the ability to attack targets hundreds of kilometers away. Of course, the accuracy of the gyroscope is actually limited, which makes the accuracy of the V2 quite ugly.

In 1949, Spelley developed the mk19 platform mermaid. It integrates the functions of the mermaid and the horizon. It separates the gyro and the pendulum of the overall structure, and combines the two with electromagnetic control. It unveils the era when the gyro goes from mechanical control to electromagnetic control.

In the 1950s, scientists found that the accuracy of mechanical gyroscopes supported by ball bearings was limited, so they took a different approach and developed a float gyroscope. The so-called float gyroscope is actually to replace the mechanical support structure of the gyroscope with liquid or gas for support. For example, liquid float gyroscopes and air float gyroscopes, whether they are liquid or gas, their friction torque is undoubtedly much smaller than that of ball bearings, and their natural accuracy is much higher.

After opening up the idea, with the development of technology, electrostatic suspension gyroscopes and magnetic suspension gyroscopes also appeared one after another, and inertial devices ushered in spring for a while.

For example, in May 195o, North American Airlines conducted the flight test of the world's first pure inertial navigation system n1. After appropriate improvements, it changed n1 to n6 inertial navigation system and installed it on the "Stingray" nuclear submarine for testing. It took 21 days underwater to cross the Arctic pole and submersible 8,146 nautical miles to arrive at Port Port, England. After arriving at the destination, the Singray floated up, and the measurement and positioning error was only 20 nautical miles!

This feat shocked the world and made the liquid floating gyro popular instantly. However, the liquid floating gyro is not without its shortcomings. Its structure is quite complex and its cost is not ordinary. In addition to being affordable by the military, the possibility of civilian use is too low.

Therefore, a new round of research and development began to address the shortcomings of liquid floating gyroscopes. By 1965, Ferenti Company first began to develop a flexible supported power-tuned gyroscope. This gyroscope structure is simple and easy to manufacture, relatively cheap, and has good accuracy. The excellent cost-effectiveness makes it widely used by objects that do not require long-term continuous work in adults.

Then the one that appeared was the electrostatic gyroscope, which was a rotor gyroscope that rotated high in the vacuum supported by static electricity. In fact, related ideas appeared in 1952, and it was gradually realized in the 1960s. The accuracy of this gyroscope is quite awesome. Let’s compare it!

The accuracy level of the early frame gyroscopes (mechanical gyroscopes) was about 11o1 degrees per hour, the dynamic gyroscope was about 51o251o3 degrees per hour, the float gyroscope was 1o31o4 degrees per hour, and the electrostatic gyroscope can reach 1o61o7 ​​degrees per hour. In space, in weightless and vacuum environments, the accuracy of the electrostatic gyroscope will also increase to the amazing order of 1o91o11 degrees per hour. Therefore, high-precision electrostatic gyroscopes are widely used in satellites, intercontinental missiles and spacecraft.

Some comrades may want to say that since the electrostatic gyroscope is so awesome, is it already the highest technical peak? It is not true, because its accuracy is indeed high, but the price is also rising, and the manufacturing difficulty is quite high. Ordinary countries cannot afford it. Moreover, for general navigation, it does not require such high accuracy.

Therefore, smart humans have not gone as far as gyroscopes. The core of gyroscopes is the bearing, and that bearing is also the difficulty of all problems. Can we avoid it? In fact, it is OK. Then humans realized that there is no bearing, no rotor, that is, "gyroscopes" without "gyroscopes". These instruments should be called "angle motion sensors" in strict terms, but "gyroscopes" were too popular before, so people still call them "gyroscopes".

These new generations of "gyroscopes" are divided into four categories: fluid gyros, vibrating gyros, optical gyros and particle gyros. Among them, fluid gyros are divided into thermal convection and jet according to their working methods; vibrating gyros are divided into beam, fork, ring and plate according to their different vibrating originals. Optical gyros are divided into laser gyros, fiber gyros, and optical electromechanical gyros according to their different structures; particle gyros are still in the upper stage of pretentiousness (under research), and are temporarily divided into atomic gyros, ion gyros and conductive (electronic) gyros according to their working particles.

Let me briefly introduce the number of words fraud (laugh, you can also use it to show off). The principles of fluid gyroscopes and vibrating gyroscopes are based on the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect is a manifestation of the inertia of an object when it moves linearly and angularly at the same time. It is a natural phenomenon that looks awesome, very tall and actually is very simple.

It’s like a person standing on a rotating roulette. If he doesn’t move in place, he may only feel a centrifugal force that makes the person swing outward. If he walks outward along this force, he will not stand firmly and feel that he will fall backward. This is because the radius of the outer edge of the roulette is large, and its forward degree is faster. The person turns out to be slow in the inner edge, and when he reaches the outer edge, he will feel that the roulette under his feet becomes faster. The person’s body has to tilt in the opposite direction due to inertia. This inertial force that tilts backward is called Coriolis force.

The magnitude of the Coriolis force is proportional to the angle of the turntable and the linearity of the human body moving along the radial direction of the turntable. The fluid gyro and vibrating gyro use the Coriolis effect to obtain the specific value of its rotation angle by measuring the magnitude of the Coriolis force.

The working principle of optical gyroscopes and particle gyroscopes goes beyond the classic Newtonian mechanics. Optical gyroscopes use the characteristic behavior similar to inertia of light, which is similar to inertia. A beam of light is divided into two beams rotating in opposite directions, and the rotation axis is used as the sensitive axis to form a "gyroscope". When the gyroscope rotates at a certain angle about the sensitive axis, the distance between the two beams of light from the outgoing point to the confluence point becomes longer and shorter, so the time it arrives is also front and back. This time difference is proportional to the transformation of the gyroscope.

So by measuring this time difference, you can know the rotation of the gyroscope, but this time difference is not easy to measure, so people use the fluctuation of light (thanks to Einstein) to convert the measurement of the time difference into the phase difference of the light wave equivalent to it to measure.

The working principle of particle gyroscopes is similar to optical gyroscopes, and is also implemented based on the theory of conservation of particle beam motion. At the same time, it also uses the theory of quantum mechanics wave-particle duality (Thanks Einstein again) to examine the particle beam as a beam, and then uses the previous theory to measure its rotation angle.

Of course, we don’t need to know these theories of talking around the mouth. We only need to know that based on these new theories, new "gyros" can be made simpler and cheaper. For example, laser gyros in optical gyros have no high rotation mechanism, which brings a series of advantages of long life, high reliability and large overload resistance. This is truly a blessing for inertial navigation!

Of course, in the 1940s, it was still a bit far away. With the technical foundation and conditions of the Soviet Union back then, no matter whether it was liquid float, air float or electrostatic float gyro, and even the early ball bearing mechanical gyros were made stuttering.

Therefore, if the Soviet Union wanted to open a breakthrough in inertial navigation, it could only find another way. In order to avoid those mechanical originals with high processing and technical requirements, it seemed that the Soviet Union could only find a way to optical gyroscopes. However, the core of optical gyroscopes is actually lasers. Although Einstein had already proposed the concept of stimulated radiation, how to implement it has always been a problem. In history, lasers were truly realized in 1960. What a fairy is now considering whether to pretend to be a thrust in the academic world? (To be continued.)

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Chapter completed!