A final explanation for the question of Mars' orbital change(2/5)
Their experiments on the seven s are not yet comprehensive�
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� but it seems that the terrestrial s also remain stable during the integration period�
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� maintaining almost regular oscillations.
On the other hand, in his accurate semi-analytical secular perturbation theory (Laskar 1988), Laskar finds that large and irregular variations can appear in the eccentricities and inclinations of the terrestrial s, especially of Mercury and Mars on a time-scale of several 109 yr (Laskar 1996). The results of Laskar's secular perturbation theory should be confirmed and investigated by fully numerical integrations.
In this paper we present preliminary results of six long-term numerical integrations on all nine ary orbits�
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� covering a span of several 109 yr�
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� and of two other integrations covering a span of ± 5 × 1010 yr.
The total elapsed time for all integrations is more than 5 yr�
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� using several dedicated PCs and workstations.
One of the fundamental conclusions of our long-term integrations is that Solar system ary motion seems to be stable in terms of the Hill stability mentioned above�
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� at least over a time-span of ± 4 Gyr.
Actually�
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� in our numerical integrations the system was far more stable than what is defined by the Hill stability criterion: not only did no close encounter happen during the integration period�
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� but also all the ary orbital elements have been confined in a narrow region both in time and frequency domain�
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� though ary motions are stochastic.
Since the purpose of this paper is to exhibit and overview the results of our long-term numerical integrations�
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� we show typical example figures as evidence of the very long-term stability of Solar system ary motion.
For readers who have more specific and deeper interests in our numerical results�
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� we have prepared a webpage (access )�
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� where we show raw orbital elements�
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� their low-pass filtered results�
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� variation of Delaunay elements and angular momentum deficit�
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� and results of our simple time�
�frequency analysis on all of our integrations.
In Section 2 we briefly explain our dynamical model, numerical method and initial conditions used in our integrations. Section 3 is devoted to a description of the quick results of the numerical integrations. Very long-term stability of Solar system ary motion is apparent both in ary positions and orbital elements. A rough estimation of numerical errors is also given. Section 4 goes on to a discussion of the longest-term variation of ary orbits using a low-pass filter and includes a discussion of angular momentum deficit. In Section 5, we present a set of numerical integrations for the outer five s that spans ± 5 × 1010 yr. In Section 6 we also discuss the long-term stability of the ary motion and its possible cause.
2 Description of the numerical integrations
(This part involves relatively complex points calculations. The author will not post them. If you post them, the starting point may not be displayed successfully.)
2.3 Numerical method
We utilize a second-order Wisdom–Holman symplectic map as our main integration method (Wisdom & Holman 1991; Kinoshita, Yoshida & Nakai 1991) with a special start-up procedure to reduce the truncation error of angle variables,‘warm start’(Saha & Tremaine 1992, 1994).
The stepsize for the numerical integrations is 8 d all integrations of the nine s (N±1�
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�2�
�
�3)�
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� which is about 1/11 of the orbital period of the innermost (Mercury).
As for the determination of stepsize�
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� we partly follow the previous numerical integration of all nine s in Sussman & Wisdom (1988�
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� 7.
2 d) and Saha & Tremaine (1994�
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� 225/32 d).
We rounded the decimal part of the the stepsize to 8 to make the stepsize a multiple of 2 in order to reduce the accumulation of round-off error in the computation processes.
In relation to this�
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� Wisdom & Holman (1991) performed numerical integrations of the outer five ary orbits using the symplectic map with a stepsize of 400 d�
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� 1/10.
83 of the orbital period of Jupiter.
Their result seems to be accurate enough�
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� which partly justifies our method of determining the stepsize.
However�
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� since the eccentricity of Jupiter (�
��0.
05) is much smaller than that of Mercury (�
��0.
2)�
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� we need some care when we compare these integrations simply in terms of stepsizes.
In the integration of the outer five s (F±), we fixed the stepsize at 400 d.
We adopt Gauss' f and g functions in the symplectic map together with the third-order Halley method (Danby 1992) as a solver for Kepler equations. The number of maximum iterations we set in Halley's method is 15, but they never reached the maximum in any of our integrations.
The interval of the data output is 200 000 d (~547 yr) for the calculations of all nine s (N±1,2,3), and about 8000 000 d (~21 903 yr) for the integration of the outer five s (F±).
Although no output filtering was done when the numerical integrations were in process, we applied a low-pass filter to the raw orbital data after we had completed all the calculations. See Section 4.1 for more detail.
2.4 Error estimation
2.4.1 Relative errors in total energy and angular momentum
According to one of the basic properties of symplectic integrators, which conserve the physically conservative quantities well (total orbital energy and angular momentum), our long-term numerical integrations seem to have been performed with very small errors. The averaged relative errors of total energy (~10?9) and of total angular momentum (~10?11) have remained nearly constant throughout the integration period (Fig. 1). The special startup procedure, warm start, would have reduced the averaged relative error in total energy by about one order of magnitude or more.
Relative numerical error of the total angular momentum δA/A0 and the total energy δE/E0 in our numerical integrationsN± 1,2,3, where δE and δA are the absolute change of the total energy and total angular momentum, respectively, andE0andA0are their initial values. The horizontal unit is Gyr.
Note that different operating systems, different mathematical libraries, and different hardware architectures result in different numerical errors, through the variations in round-off error handling and numerical algorithms. In the upper panel of Fig. 1, we can recognize this situation in the secular numerical error in the total angular momentum, which should be rigorously preserved up to machine-ε precision.
2.4.2 Error in ary longitudes
To be continued...