Section 4 Bohai

Wu Tianji is in mid-autumn, and the light is clear and condensed for thousands of miles. The sound of water invades the laughter, and the green leaves flutter on the clothes. The distant trees are suspicious of the tents, and the lonely clouds recognize the powder bags. The streams and mountains invade the two countries, and the season is the Double Ninth Festival. I can be willing to be humble, but I have no choice.

Self-improvement. I mistakenly touched Zeng Gong's tail and dared not walk along the wall at night. I don't want to cage birds and return to the brocade tent.

The first person to establish a country was the Sumo tribe among the seven tribes of Wuji, where Yilizhi who was envoy to the Northern Wei Dynasty was located. As early as 698 AD, the leader of the Sumo tribe, Da Zuorong, established the Bohai Kingdom, which was called the Zhen Kingdom at the time.

, meaning the country of the east. In 713 AD, Da Zuorong was canonized by the Tang Dynasty and became the Bohai County King. It was changed to Bohai and became a Tibetan regime under the Tang Dynasty.

Starting from Da Zuorong, Bohai Kingdom passed down 15 generations of emperors. At its most prosperous period, it had 5 capitals, 15 prefectures, 62 prefectures, and more than 100 counties. The area under its jurisdiction covered almost the entire Northeast China and the Korean Peninsula.

In the northeastern and southern coastal areas of Russia, this country advocates the culture of the Central Plains, and its power is growing day by day. It is praised by the Central Plains as the prosperous country of Haidong. Their clan name has changed from the original Wuji to Mohe. The two characters Mohe first appeared in

In the Northern Qi Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it is recorded in the history books of this period that Mohe, Kumoxi and the Khitan sent envoys to the Central Plains Dynasty to pay tribute. The "Sui Shu" specially established a biography for this nation, saying that he was in the north of Goguryeo, and every tribe

They all had their own chiefs, but there was no unified leader. There were seven tribes in total. In the Tang Dynasty, more tribes were recorded. In the subsequent historical development, these dozen tribes fought with each other, and most of them were

has disappeared.

The seven tribes of Mohe and the seven tribes of Wuji have the same name and similar orientation, so it is generally believed that these two ethnic groups are of the same origin. Mohe is the transliteration of Wuji in ancient Chinese. The two characters Mohe were also written differently in ancient times.

, but the stele of the Bohai Kingdom unearthed in recent years says Mojie. In Sushen pronunciation, Mojie and Wuji have similar pronunciations. From an etymological point of view, they are both Woji. In short, they were commonly formed in ancient times, and Mohe was the previous one.

The concept of Wuji. Then why was the name Wuji later replaced by Mohe? This is because Mohe is the general name for various tribes of this nation in the Central Plains. In Chinese literature, these two names coexist, and with each passing day

As the exchanges between the Central Plains Dynasty and Mohe tribes gradually expanded, the Central Plains' understanding of Mohe further deepened, so the vocabulary used later had the characteristics of this nation.

There are three ways to form Chinese characters, the first is meaning characters, the second is phonetic characters, and the third is pictophonetic characters. Part of the pictophonetic characters often represents its meaning, and the other part represents its pronunciation. To express similar pronunciation,

But the specific concepts have different meanings. As Mohe appears and is spread as the name of his nation, it naturally has to conform to this sound and its meaning. It is generally believed that the origin of the name Mohe is the image of the Jurchen immortals in the people of the Central Plains.

There is a special concept of animal skins as clothing materials. In the Tang Dynasty, the most influential Mohe in the northeastern region were Heishui Mohe and Sumo Mohe. Heishui Mohe was located further in the northeast, so it was relatively primitive. Sumo Mohe was the most influential.

Comparatively speaking, it is closer to the Central Plains civilization, so it is more advanced than the former, so it took the lead in establishing the Bohai State. The origin of the name Su Mo, some people say, refers to the Songhua River. Because in the ancient Tungus language, Su means milky white water.

Mo refers to rivers, and together they mean rivers like milk. Bohae and Goguryeo are neighbors, but there is a huge difference in strength between the two sides. Sumo had to be forced to rely on Goguryeo for a long time, pay tribute to them, and stay with them when necessary

They performed military service within the country and had to be at the forefront during wars. In historical documents, there are often records of the Mohe people participating in the military operations of Goguryeo. Because they have been under the jurisdiction of Goguryeo for a long time, Sumo Mohe was naturally influenced by the feudal feudalism of Goguryeo.

Institutional influence.

Goguryeo was a military-based feudal regime. It often fought wars, either for external expansion or for being counter-conquered. In the wars between Goguryeo and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Sumo Mohe people were often transferred to the Liaodong region to fight against the Sui and Tang armies.

.The Liaodong area has frequent exchanges with the Central Plains, so it is deeply influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, and their feudal system is relatively mature. Moreover, various ethnic groups in this area live together, and the feudal production and lifestyle are relatively advanced. Sumo Mohe is in the Liaodong area

After living for a long time, they were influenced by the local feudal culture, which promoted their own progress to a certain extent. Goguryeo's influence on Sumo Mohe was subtle, while the Han nationality's influence on Mohe was more direct and stronger.

.

Since the Sui Dynasty, Mohe has been strongly influenced by the culture of the Han people in the Central Plains. The biography of Mohe records that there was a chief in Mohe named Tudiji, who led his cadres and his family to Yingzhou (today's Chaoyang, Liaoning) at the end of the Sui Dynasty.

The emperor named him Jin Ziguanglu doctor and the governor of western Liaoning, and settled his tribe in Yanzhou. After the fall of the Sui Dynasty, Tudiji surrendered to the Tang Dynasty and moved the tribe to Changping City in Youzhou. The son of Tudiji is willing to do this.

The Tang Dynasty was very obedient, and had repeatedly made military exploits. He was awarded the title of General of the Zhenjun, General of the Right Guards, and the title of Duke of Yan. He was given the title of Governor of Youzhou after his death. After the Tang Dynasty destroyed Goguryeo, in order to prevent the restoration of power and better control

Goguryeo and Mohe moved the Sumo Mohe and Goguryeo remnants who had been attached to Goguryeo to live in the Yingzhou area. At this time, Da Zuorong and his father also came to Yingzhou together and lived here for 30 years. Da Zuorong

Rong's father was a tribal leader in Mohe, Sumo, who once attached himself to Goguryeo. According to historical records, Da Zuorong was originally a different species of Goguryeo. After the fall of Goguryeo, Da Zuorong led his entire tribe to migrate to Yingzhou.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yingzhou was the place where chiefs of ethnic minorities such as Mohe were settled. It was also the political, economic and cultural center where the Han people and ethnic minorities in Northeast China had extensive contact. After Su Mo moved here, it developed rapidly. He lived in this area for nearly 30 years.

In China, the degree of sinicization is deepening day by day, and class relations have emerged internally. Goguryeo culture and the Han culture in the Central Plains have a profound impact on the influence of Sumo Mohe and the progress that his society has achieved. And the influence of these two cultures

Next, social economy and class relations began to emerge, which became important conditions for the establishment of the Bohai regime.

Yingzhou was an important border town in the northern region of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang government set up a governor's office here as a base camp to contain the ethnic minorities in the north and manage the northeastern region. The Tang Dynasty established many special districts in this area as

A place where the attached ethnic minorities were settled. Sumo Mohe and Goguryeo survivors also needed to be controlled by the Tang Dynasty, and at the same time they had to accept the leadership of the Khitan nobles. In such a place, Han people, Khitan people, Turks and other ethnic minorities lived together.

In this region, the Sumo Mohe people benefited from the cultural and economic progress of all ethnic groups. However, the upper class was often dissatisfied with being under the jurisdiction of local officials in the Tang Dynasty and always wanted to find opportunities to return to their hometown. At this time, the governor of Yingzhou acted on his own initiative

, relied on his own power to act arrogantly, which further aroused the dissatisfaction of the local ethnic minorities. In 696 AD, the governor of Songmo, a Khitan state adjacent to Yingzhou, and the governor of Guicheng Prefecture jointly raised troops to rebel against the Tang Dynasty.

The main reason for their rebellion was that they were placed next to Yingzhou and were often bullied by the governor of Yingzhou. In anger, the soldiers killed the governor of Yingzhou and then raised an army against the Tang Dynasty. After the Yingzhou rebellion broke out, Mohe and Goguryeo

The remnants also participated in this rebellion. This rebellion provided an opportunity for the local Sumo Mohe upper-class ruling class to get rid of the rule of the Tang Dynasty, return to their homeland, and establish political power. In order to suppress this rebellion, Wu Zetian sent General Cao Renshi to lead the army to the camp.

Prefecture put down the rebellion. Da Zuorong's father and another leader each led their tribes across the Liao River to escape eastward. In order to disintegrate the minority alliance, Wu Zetian encircled and suppressed the Khitan on the one hand, and recruited the Sumo and Mohe tribes on the other. In order to win over them, Wu Zetian

, conferred official positions on their leaders, and pardoned their crimes. However, Qi Sibiyu, a leader of Mohe in Sumo, did not accept Wu Zetian's canonization. Wu Zetian continued to send troops to attack, and Qi Sibiyu was eventually killed. It was simply his own fault. At this time, Wu Zetian continued to send troops to attack.

, Da Zuorong's father died of illness while escaping. Da Zuorong inherited his father's mantle and continued to lead his troops to escape to the northeast. The Tang Dynasty army pursued them to the Tianmenling area. Da Zuorong took advantage of the complex terrain here to join forces.

Other ethnic minorities defeated the Tang army.

In 698 AD, Da Zuorong built a city in the upper reaches of the Mudanjiang River and settled down. In what is now Dunhua County, Jilin Province, Ao Dongcheng established his country and proclaimed himself king. He still took the title of Zhen Guo, which Wu Zetian had named his father Zhen Guo Gong, and called himself King Zhen.

, the name of the country is Mohe. There are many reasons for the establishment of the Bohai regime. The Tang Dynasty once conquered Heishui Mohe and achieved success, preventing Heishui Mohe from continuing to expand southward. This was an opportunity for Sumo Mohe. Tang Dynasty

The imperial court eliminated a powerful competitor for him. After the Yingzhou Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty sent troops to quell the rebellion, and some Tang troops in the border areas were ordered to evacuate their original garrison. All these provided opportunities for Sumo Mohe. The Khitan also

Participating in the counter-rebellion of the Tang Dynasty, a power vacuum appeared in the hinterland of Northeast China, which objectively provided conditions for the establishment of the Bohai regime. In addition, the short-term strength of the post-Turkic Khanate also gave the Bohai regime established by Sumo Mohe a chance to breathe.

After the Yingzhou Rebellion, the Turks turned against the Tang Dynasty for a period of time. Later, the post-Turkic social productive forces developed and became more powerful, defeating several ethnic minorities. The post-Turkic Khanate also continued to use troops against the Tang Dynasty, AD

In 698, the Turks forced the Khitans and Xi to submit to the Turks, and the Western Liaoning Corridor was cut off. The Tang Dynasty's land route to the northeastern region was cut off, so it temporarily had no remaining power to control the central northeastern region, which also contributed to the establishment of the Bohai Sea regime.

Not long after the Zhenguo regime was established, Tang Zhongzong was restored to power. Since the Turks repeatedly invaded the south, Zhongzong wanted to make friends with other ethnic minorities in the Northeast and contain the Turks. In 707 AD, the Tang Dynasty sent envoys to Zhenguo. Da Zuorong accepted

The Tang Dynasty also sent people to meet with the Tang Dynasty. In 713 AD, after Tang Ruizong came to the throne, he sent people to Zhenguo to confer Da Zuorong. Da Zuorong was named the Governor of the Bohai Sea. Later, Da Zuorong simply changed the name of the country.

Changed to Bohai.

The Bohai Governor's Office was one of the political and military institutions established by the Tang Dynasty in the northeastern region. At that time, the Tang Dynasty established as many as 856 similar institutions in border minority areas. When Da Zuorong founded the country, their subjects included

Two groups of Sumo Mohe people who migrated to Yingzhou in the early Tang Dynasty and some Goguryeo survivors. Later, survivors of several ethnic minority tribes also joined the Bohai Kingdom. The Bohai Kingdom began to condense into a new ethnic community, known as Bohai in history.

People. But when Zuorong founded the country, there was still controversy over whether the country was named Zhen or Mohe. Some scholars believe that the reason why they initially named the country Zhen was taken from the Zhen hexagram in the Book of Changes.

.But it is unknown whether the people of Mohe were really familiar with Chinese classics and history at that time. Some Korean scholars believe that Zhen means to shock all directions, but this is unlikely. Because Wu Zetian named Da Zuorong’s father as

Zhen Guogong should not have this meaning. From phonological considerations, some scholars believe that Zhen may be the homophony of Su Shen, another name for Mohe. The Bohai Kingdom was a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty when it was first founded, and has been closely related to the Tang Dynasty ever since.

The imperial succession system of this country was also influenced by the culture of the Central Plains dynasties, which generally adopted the system of father and son or brother and brother. The King of Bohai had sole power, and there were several large families in the Bohai Kingdom, which were generally important.

All military and political positions were held by people from these families. Before inheriting the throne, the King of Bohai had to report to the Tang government and be canonized by the emperor, otherwise it would not count. In addition, the Bohai Kingdom was also subject to the governor or Jiedu of the border areas of the Tang Dynasty.

Under the supervision of envoys, the Bohai Kingdom must also pay tribute to the Tang Dynasty. According to historical records, during the existence of the Bohai Kingdom, it paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty more than 140 times, and later paid tribute to the Later Liang and Later Tang Dynasty ten times.

Bohai State's administrative structure, including its management system, was also influenced by the Tang Dynasty. There are many similarities, but some of them were set up based on its own actual situation. It is basically similar to the local administrative divisions of the Tang Dynasty, but compared with the central government institutions of the Tang Dynasty

In other words, the Bohai State established three provinces, six ministries, twelve divisions, one unit, seven temples, one hospital, one prison, one bureau, etc. These three provinces respectively represent the Zhongtai Province (equivalent to the Tang Zhongshu Province) and the Xuanzhao Province (

Equivalent to the lower provinces of the Tang Dynasty) and the Zhengtang Province (equivalent to the Shangshu Province of the Tang Dynasty). The Zhongtai Province is responsible for drafting and revising political decrees. Its chief is the right prime minister of the second rank. Under it is the political affairs of Youpingzhang. The subordinate officials have internal history and edicts.

Gao Sheren; the Xuanzhao Province is responsible for reviewing the decrees proposed by the Zhongtai Province. Its chief is the Zuo Xiang of the second grade, and under it is Zuo Pingzhang. The subordinate officials have Shizhong and Zuo Changshi to advise; the Zhengtang Province is

The head of the government department is responsible for executing government orders. Its chief is the Prime Minister, whose rank is higher than the second rank. There are also left and right Sikyongs as assistants. Under the left and right rules, subordinate officials have two permissions.

The Six Ministries are named after the Confucian concepts of loyalty, benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, and trustworthiness, which are unique among the local ethnic and vassal regimes in Chinese history: The Zhongbu (equivalent to the Tang Dynasty's Staff, responsible for the appointment of civil servants

and assessment. In the Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of Civil Affairs) was responsible for the appointment, assessment, awards, etc. of civil servants; the Ministry of Ren (equivalent to the Ministry of Households in the Tang Dynasty) was responsible for land, taxation, etc.; the Ministry of Yi (equivalent to the Ministry of Rites in the Tang Dynasty) was responsible for rituals, sacrifices, imperial examinations, etc.;

The Ministry of Intelligence (equivalent to the Ministry of War in the Tang Dynasty) was responsible for military attache personnel, map drawing, and the management of chariots, horses, and weapons; the Ministry of Rites (equivalent to the Ministry of Punishment in the Tang Dynasty) was responsible for justice, prisons, and review; and the Ministry of Information (equivalent to the Ministry of Industry in the Tang Dynasty) was responsible for transportation.

, water conservancy, construction, etc.

In addition, the Bohai Kingdom also established its own five capitals based on the five-capital system of the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the Nanhai Prefecture in the central capital was the location of the early capital of the Bohai State, in what is now Jilin Province and the ancient city of Longxi. Later, the Longquan Prefecture in the upper capital was located.

It became the capital of the Bohai Kingdom for 160 years. According to later archaeological discoveries, the ancient city of Shangjing was grand in scale. The capital was also designed and built after Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, including the outer city, the inner city, the palace city, and the inner garden.

Composition. From the ruins unearthed later, it can be seen that the capital of Bohai State was very complete. Bohai State has 15 prefectures, 62 states, and 130 counties. In the central government of Bohai State, there are kings and civil and military officials. They also

It follows Confucianism and almost completely accepts Han culture. Moreover, the Bohai State had a powerful army when it was first established. Later, their military system gradually improved. They also modeled their own military system on the Tang Dynasty's military system. Regarding the military system

Let’s introduce it in detail.

At the beginning, ten guards were modeled on the Sixteenth Guard System of the Tang Dynasty, including left and right Meng Ben Guards, left and right Xiong Guards, left and right Zhen Guards, south and left guards, and north and left guards. Later, there were left and right Shence Army, left and right three armies, etc. Each guard was equipped with a

There is a general, a general, several generals, generals, and major generals. There are Zhechong mansions all over the country, which are under the ten guards. Each Zhechong mansion has one captain Zhechong, one captain Guoyi on the left and one captain respectively, and two generals.

There are one soldier, one soldier, and five captains. The Bohai Kingdom has successively commanded hundreds of thousands of "victorious soldiers" through the Ten Guards and the left and right Shence Army, Tianmen Army, etc. In addition, the Bohai Kingdom also established government troops.

.According to ancient Japanese records, Bohai hired military officers for the first time among the members of the Japanese mission, namely Dezhou as the captain of Guoyi and Shenalou as the general. In the sixth year of the Tang Dynasty (832), the Tang Dynasty enthroned the tenth officer of Bohai.

Wang Zongyu, the internal supporter of the first king Dayi Zhen, returned from Bohai and said, "Bohai will set up a strategic army on the left and right, and one hundred and twenty divisions on the left and right armies, and draw a plan to advance." This may be the standing army of the royal court set up in the middle and late stages of the Bohai Kingdom.

The Bohai Kingdom has a strict hierarchical system. The Bohai Kingdom entered the feudal autocratic mode from a primitive clan society. It did not go through the slave society period. In some remote areas far away from the capital, the form of tribal rule is still retained. This also affects the royal power of the Bohai Kingdom.

Ruled. The Balhae Kingdom lasted for a total of 229 years. In more than 200 years, the capital was moved three times. There were fifteen generations of emperors, and three of them died in less than a year. Since the Balhae Kingdom was the second largest country in the ancient Northeastern region except Goguryeo.

In addition, it is a country that established local political power relatively early, so its economic and cultural development in the Northeast region is much higher than that of other ethnic groups. In addition, the composition of the ethnic groups in Bohai State is complex, and the development of various tribes is extremely uneven. Generally speaking, the above Beijing

As the boundary, the areas to the west and south are Fuyu, Goguryeo and Woju's hometown, and the southern part of the Mohe people. These places are mainly agricultural production and have relatively developed economies. In the northeastern area, the ethnic composition is extremely complex, and they are still in a fishing and hunting society, and the economy

The level of underdevelopment. This situation of unbalanced economic development is restricted by terrain, climate, resources and other aspects.

Since the Bohai Kingdom has relatively few wars and its politics are relatively clear, they have developed relatively quickly. The domestic planting industry, animal husbandry and handicraft industries are relatively developed, and the products they produce are also very popular in the Central Plains. The Bohai Kingdom has a complete range of production categories.

All industries have developed to a certain extent. Bohai agricultural production has generally begun to use iron farm tools, and Bohai people have long begun to use cattle, horses and other livestock to plow fields. The iron tools unearthed later in the Bohai Kingdom show that there are many varieties, excellent texture, and beautiful shapes.

There are also many types of crops. It is common for Bohai people to domesticate pigs, horses, cattle, etc., and Bohai people often trade horses with the Central Plains. History books record that in the Shandong Peninsula at that time, famous horses from Bohai were sold in the market every year.

In trading, the handicraft industry in Bohai is also very developed. After the destruction of Bohai, this place was renamed Dongdan. Every year, the Liao Kingdom required a tribute of 150,000 pieces of coarse cloth. This also shows that the textile industry in Bohai was very developed at that time. The people of Bohai have been smelting copper.
To be continued...