What kind of person is Makhno? This question is really hard to answer. There are 100 Hamlets in the eyes of a hundred people. Similarly, there are 100 different Makhnos in the eyes of a hundred people. The reason is that this guy is too controversial and cannot be judged by simple good people and bad people.

Let’s start from the beginning. This “imaginator with a Mauser” even had a very controversial date of his birth! Of course, it was not Makhno’s careless parents who remembered the wrong date. The reason for his birthday was very profound.

Makhno's childhood was quite unfortunate. His devil dad was addicted to something like all Russians - alcohol. But luckier than Stalin, his dad died of drinking when Makhno was less than one year old. Although the little Makhno didn't have to worry about being beaten by the devil dad, it also determined that he had to take on the burden of his family when he was very young.

Makhno has been grazing for farmers since he was a child, working as a paint painter, and working in a sand turning factory... In short, like many old revolutionaries in the Bolsheviks, the proletariat is indeed a miserable and pauper.

Makhno, who had realized that life was difficult for a long time, was definitely not an honest and honest child. In the year of the revolution in Russia in 1905, at the age of 16, he "learned bad things" with a group of anarchists and took considerable effort to join the "Poor Peasants Association" led by "anarchists".

So what kind of organization is this "Poor Peasant Association"? Let's put it this way, they are best at dealing with the heroes of Liangshan, and their business is robbing and robbing. What's even more terrifying is that Makhno did a very good job in "Liangshan", and his work performance has always been outstanding. He soon enjoyed the "reputation" of "iron-faced revolutionary" among the heroes.

The grassroots hero Makhno lived quite well in those years. He was full of bandits and was quite tough, and soon attracted the attention of the Tsarist government because of his "outstanding" work performance.

In 1910, Makhno would be 21 years old that year (it is very important to note this age!). In a "severe crackdown" operation, Makhno was unfortunately arrested. The Tsarist government would not be polite to a hero like him. Given his brilliant achievements, the court soon made a final ruling - hanging!

If Makhno was hanged, there would naturally be no more stories later. It is worth lamenting that Makhno had a good mother. In order to save her son's life, the mother tried every means. At that time, she even wrote a letter of help to the queen of Nicholas II, that is, the German princess who was very unpopular.

In the letter, the "hero" mother claimed in tears that her son was underage (the Russian law at that time stipulated that the age of 21 was the legal age) and hoped to be merciless. With the mediation of this queen with a widespread motherhood, the Tsar family's son made merciless. Nicholas II personally issued an edict to change Makhno's lifelong hard labor.

So has Makhno been adult? Unfortunately, the hero's mother lied and she tampered with Makhno's birth record. The "child" was already an adult at that time.

Makhno luckily walked back and forth at the gates of hell. During the hardship, he felt bored and chose to pass the time with reading. During those years, he read almost all Russian writers' works (it seems that the Count of Monte Cristo is not completely unreliable, and prison is indeed the best Ministry of Education). Under the influence of his inmate and anarchist Marin, Makhno's anarchist worldview was finally formed.

With the outbreak of the February Revolution, all the "monsters and demons" were released. In the chaos, Makhno fled back to his hometown in Ukraine and married his sweetheart Nasta Vasetskaya who had been waiting for him for seven years.

But what is more funny is that the good brother of the "Poor Peasants Association" is worried that Makhno is addicted to the love between children and his children, and is afraid that he will lose his revolutionary fighting spirit. He forced Nasta to leave Makhno quietly (he is such a group of good brothers!).

Makhno initially felt pain at the separation of his husband and wife, but soon as the world in Russia was in chaos and he was compensated from other aspects, the pain was forgotten.

Given Makhno's "heroic experience" in jail in the past, he was successfully elected as the president of the "Poor Peasants Association". Under his leadership, the "Poor Peasants Association" launched a ruthless "revolutionary liquidation" of the landlord Lao Cai. For a time, he became an idol in the hearts of Ukrainian farmers.

In February 1918, Germany invaded Ukraine. When Central Lada and the German invaders secretly met, and when Skoropatsky was a cattle and horse for the Germans, Makhno led a group of poor brothers to resolutely choose to resist the Germans.

In the summer of 1918, Makhno quietly left Ukraine and went to Moscow to meet with the recognized anarchist leader Kropotkin, but the latter refused to communicate with the bandit-like Makhno.

So Makhno found Bukharin and Sverdlov again, and Xiaos admired him more and personally led him to Lenin. Many years later, Makhno recalled that Lenin held his hand like a kind father and asked him to sit in an armchair. He told him that he was looking forward to him to include the peasant riots in the uprisings everywhere, hoping that he could cooperate with the Red Army, and asked him what help he needed.

Even the tutor praised the anarchists for their dedication. The only thing that is lamentable is that they are too short-sighted (this is indeed correct), and they are "a fanatic who only destroys and does not know how to build (so insightful! Applause the tutor!)." However, the tutor immediately comforted Makhno and said, "Don't compare yourself with the guy I mentioned earlier (Makhno is really this number of goods)."

In July 1918, Makhno returned to Ukraine alone to prepare for the new armed uprising. It has to be said that he did a pretty good job, or he had great military talent. By early 1919, Makhno had raised a powerful army with more than 10,000 infantry, more than 8,000 cavalry, more than 500 machine guns and a large number of artillery.

By the end of 1919, Makhno's power further expanded, with more than 25,000 troops, 48 ​​artillery pieces, four armored trains, 4 armored cars and more than 1,000 machine guns. According to Moscow's archives, Makhno also specially formed a "success squad" composed of cavalry, armored cars, armored trains and flight institutions, nicknamed "Iron Division", which is specially used for decisive assault operations (for a peasant's child, it is quite difficult to do this).

It is amazing that this slut who had only been in elementary school for four years was able to beat Denikin to a siege and repel the Red Army who came to encircle him one by one. His army especially liked to fight on their own, had amazing independent combat capabilities, and had particularly outstanding intelligence work.

It is said that under Makhno, there is a large number of rural sisters and village girls intelligence officers. They are very powerful and they are like entering and leaving the enemy's rear like no one else, and can quickly and accurately inform Makhno of the intelligence.

In addition, Makhno was brave and resourceful, a very talented self-taught field commander, and he was very good at making people's hearts. His Ukrainians, Russians, Greeks, Bulgarians, and even Jews were willing to go through fire and water for him.

Of course, more importantly, Makhno has the vitality of a young man. During the Russian Civil War, he was injured 12 times. He was broken only when he fled to Romania after the failure of the "revolution" and fled to Romania. He lost his lifelong disability.

What's more interesting is that this person's position has always been as firm as ever, completely incompatible with the White Guards. He always killed one of the envoys sent to mediate the White Army (this habit seems to be more barbaric). But he was different to the Bolsheviks. Although he did not agree with the Bolsheviks' policies, he formed alliances with the Bolsheviks three times. Especially in the spring of 1919, after a bloody battle, Makhno drove Denikin's White Guards to the Sea of ​​Azov. After counting the spoils, he gave 100 chariots of food to Moscow and Petrograd to support the starving workers' brothers there.

In order to fight against Denikin, Makhno even joined the Red Army and was awarded the fourth "Red Flag Medal" by the Soviet government. In the autumn of 1919, when Denikin used the support force of the Allies to expand and attack Omuir directly threatened Moscow. It was the Makhno who broke into Denikin and wiped out several elite military officers in one go. He helped lift the siege of Moscow.

In this way, Makhno seems to be an absolute hero. But don't be too busy to draw conclusions. The people of the Tsar seem to have inherited the character of a double-headed eagle, and each has two faces. The same is true for Makhno, behind his glamorous heroic image, there is also a dark side.

Makhno's life was shining because of anarchism, and it was also destroyed by anarchism. Makhno was a bohemian and boring person. His glorious example also influenced his army. His military discipline of the Ukrainian revolutionary and rebel army was very common. Makhno's second wife, Galina Kuzmenkova, wrote in his diary: "The leader was drinking again today and kept muttering. He was drunk and wandering around the streets. He played the accordion and danced...every time he said, he would scold a dirty word. After he said enough, he fell asleep."

What is quite interesting is that Makhno's army has a very special military rule: when the commander is drunk, his subordinates may disobey orders.

Of course, drinking is a minor matter. Facts have proved that the drunk Makhno can win a battle. But the disarray of military discipline is a big problem. In fact, the problem of disarray of Makhno's military discipline was caused by him, because he always firmly believed that the most perfect state machine should be unorganized "free creation". Therefore, Makhno killed people quite casually, not only killing the White Guards, but also killing innocent people indiscriminately.

Occasionally, when Makhno discovered his conscience, he ordered his subordinates to pay more money to the poor peasants. Makhno, who had been hungry in his childhood, would go to the orphanage to check if there was enough food there.

In short, this is a "hero" like a hero in Liangshan. His military and personality talent is inversely proportional to his political naivety. And it is his political naivety that to some extent destroyed the grand plan of the Trotsky World Revolution.

In 1921, when the Red Army racked its brains to fully encircle this "revolutionary prodigal son", the Allies gathered a large army of 400,000, and wiped out the Hungarian red regime in one fell swoop. This action not only brought the Hungarian revolutionary wave to an abrupt end, but also led to the hope of destroying the German revolution. Makhno's actions undoubtedly helped the Allies, just as the report submitted to the Central Committee by the Bolshevik Provincial Committee of Yekaterinoslav in 1920: "Makhno tried to establish a regime that was opposed to the bourgeoisie, but had tense relations with the proletariat!"

On August 28, 1921, under the relentless pursuit of the Red Army, Makhno led the remnant 77 people across the Dnieper River and fled into Romania. At that time, the Soviet government demanded the extradition of Makhno, but during the few months when the Romanian government hesitated, the smart Makhno quickly fled to Poland with his wife and his confidants.

Later, what is even more interesting is that his wife, carrying Makhno, contacted the Soviet intelligence agencies under his banner, and attempted to organize a peasant uprising in Western Ukraine by overthrowing the Polish government. After the incident was exposed, the couple were both imprisoned.

In 1923, Makhno and others were acquitted and moved to France with their family. However, the former revolutionary leader was once again unknown. The reason was that in order to prevent accidents, Makhno buried several buckets of gold, silver and jewelry in Ukraine, but his confidants sent to dig treasures were arrested one by one by the Soviet State Political Security Administration (Gebeu). The treasure was also intercepted and confiscated.

The poor and destitute Makhno had to start "striving his life" for the bourgeoisie again, worked as a carpenter in a film studio, and made rubber shoes in a shoe factory. Even in this down-and-out time, he was still actively involved in the "Black International" organized by the anarchist, and once had a large number of fans. Until 1934, he died of tuberculosis in the poor hospital in Paris.

Of course, it is still in 1918. Without Denikin's disruption, Makhno could wholeheartedly deal with the Bolsheviks and the Red Army. He, who holds the Ukrainian concept of Ukrainians, fought against the Red Army with another very problematic so-called "Ukrainian" national hero Peter Liula.

To be honest, Peter Liura is not like a national hero, but more like a traitor. His coming to power was achieved entirely through dirty political transactions. Historically, he took advantage of the opportunity when Skoropasky lost his support after the fall of the Allies Group, united the "Grey-clothed Army" that was not valued by Skoropasky, and successfully launched a coup to get S off.

From the beginning of gaining power, Peterliula has been constantly playing with diplomatic and political means. First, in January 1919, he joined forces with the Western Ukrainian People's Republic of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire to form a confederate alliance. Although the alliance lasted quite short, it was the first time in Ukraine's history that "head and body merged."

However, Peter Liula was really bad. At that time, the Polish democratic thought that had just spread from the rule of the German-Austrian group. Taking advantage of the collapse of Germany-Austrian and Russia was half-dead, they were preparing to restore Poland's glory in one fell swoop. Under the banner of restoring history, they pursued the expansion policy from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.

Polish leader Pisusky publicly stated that Galicia and Volinia belong to Poland and advocated the establishment of a large Polish federation, including the three Baltic countries, Belarus and Ukraine.

It should be said that the range that made Pisusky jealous at that time was not a fan of marriage with Poland. What's even more terrifying is that under the stimulation of Poland, the Romanians also acted as usual, taking advantage of the collapse of Russia to annex the Moldavian region in southwestern Ukraine.

For a time, the Peter Liola regime's life was quite difficult. The "domestic" was in chaos. Makhno, the Red Army and the White Army fought together, and his strength was the weakest. In order to protect himself, this man chose to give up his knees and refused his unreasonable requests to the Poles.

In early 1919, the Polish residents of Lviv, the capital of Western Ukraine, launched a so-called "uprising" under the instructions of Pisusky, announcing Western Ukraine to leave the Ukrainian regime. Immediately afterwards, the brave Pisusky led a 100,000 Polish army to start the "Oriental Land Encirclement Movement". The Poles received a large number of arms left by the German-Austrian group, and with the continuous support of the Allies, their strength expanded like a balloon, and the soldiers seemed to be invincible.

By the spring of 1919, the red and white Polish flags were flying everywhere in the entire Western Ukraine, and even pushed the front line to the Zbruchi River in Ukraine.

At this time, it can be said that it is a critical moment for whether Ukraine's independence and independence can maintain. Peter Liula (the Red Army and the White Army are also beating him), in the season of life and death, regardless of the opposition of Western Ukrainian allies, issued a ceasefire request to Poland through the Allies so that it can concentrate its forces against the Red Army.

However, even if Peter Liula concentrated his troops, he was not an opponent of the Red Army. After a brief counterattack, he was soon beaten by the Red Army and the White Army (Donnikin didn't like this guy, and called him a low-character Ukrainian separatist). In desperation, Peter Liula simply did not do anything and formally agreed to the Poles' request and recognized Poland's sovereignty over Western Ukraine!

Peter Liula had a good plan, and was preparing to use the armistice, and took advantage of the Poles' fear of being forced to spit out the fat meat they ate into their mouths, so as to obtain assistance by selling national interests, so as to defeat the White and Red Army in one fell swoop.

But this idiot did not calculate it, but his "complaint" led to a great division within Ukraine. The reason was that Western Ukraine and Poles had an irreconcilable hatred. Peter Liula interfered in his affairs and admitted that Poland's occupation of Western Ukraine was a nasty betrayal in the eyes of the Ukrainians!

In November 1919, the Ukrainian army underwent a large-scale mutiny. The Western Ukrainians directly announced their separation from the national army of Peterliula and turned to the White Army of Denikin (Old Deng recognized the sovereignty and independence of Western Ukraine on the grounds that this area was not under the rule of Tsarist Russia).

What’s funny is that as the Red Army became stronger and stronger, the Western Ukrainians began to flirt with Qin and soon turned to the Red Army. When destroying Denikin and Peter Liula, the Western Ukrainians were the ones who took the lead.

What’s even more funny is that more than ninety years later, it was these restless Western Ukrainian shit-making sticks that once again led to Ukraine's division. That time, they chose to forget Peter Liula's betrayal and regarded him as the so-called national hero.

It has to be sighed that whether it is in the past or now, Xiwu’s funny and realistic heart is beyond cure!

PS: Bow to thank the Southern Wanderers, hzwangdd, Juventus and Fatty Comrade Lu Fei!
Chapter completed!