A brief comparison of the two rangefinders can be found: the combined image rangefinder uses a horizontal long tube as the reference length, and sets an objective lens group at both ends. The optical axis of the objective lens group is perpendicular to the distance measurement baseline, and images about the target are generated respectively during distance measurement. The image formed on one side in the eyepiece is only the upper half and the lower half on the other side. Because the distance measurement baseline exists, the image on the right side is tilted to the right side to the left side. By rotating the polarizer, the upper and lower images overlap. By measuring the angle of rotation of the polarizer, the distance to the target can be calculated.

The stereoscopic rangefinder is similar to the combined rangefinder. The difference is that after the target is imaged in the eyepiece, the distancefinder personnel simultaneously observe the image formed by the same target at both ends of the rangefinder in the left and right eyepieces, and the person feels the target through the visual sense. At this time, by moving the cursor in the eyepiece back and forth, the operator directly reads the distance data when he feels that the target and the cursor coincide.

The reason why the error of the stereoscopic rangefinder is smaller than that of the combined image is because its distance measurement depends on the distance detector's parallax to directly sense the distance and directly obtain the distance data. The combined image rangefinder uses the image to align the image in the upper and lower parts. As long as the image is not completely aligned (which is very difficult), the error will be amplified in the conversion of angle to distance.

Therefore, when the line of sight is small at a long distance, the accuracy of the stereo rangefinder will be better than that of the combined image. Moreover, the stereo rangefinder also has the ability to measure range for targets with irregular appearance, so the stereo rangefinder is often used for firing calibration and air defense.

Although the long-distance distance measuring accuracy of the combined image rangefinder is not high, compared with the stereoscopic rangefinder, it has less operating pressure for personnel and a higher accuracy of obtaining close target distance. Therefore, although the long-distance accuracy is at a disadvantage for the stereoscopic rangefinder, it is still meaningful for the track mapping of the fleet when sailing. Because the target at this time is a friendly ship and a fixed beacon in the close-range formation, and a faster data rate is required at this time, and a fast ranging target may be needed, and the accuracy requirements are low. Therefore, the combined image rangefinder is generally suitable for this scenario.

Of course, whether it is a combined image rangefinder or a stereoscopic rangefinder, they are optical rangefinders, and have relatively high requirements for optical glass and mirror grinding processes. Not all countries can do so. They also have relatively high technical requirements for the personnel used and have relatively slow response. They are not suitable for artillery battles within one or two thousand meters.

For tank soldiers, a rangefinder with faster and more accurate distance measurement is urgently needed. It is obvious that neither the combined image rangefinder nor the stereoscopic rangefinder can meet this demand. The only thing that can meet this demand is the laser rangefinder. Whether it is response or accuracy, the laser rangefinder can outweigh the two traditional optical rangefinders above. The only problem is that the backward process at that time restricted the volume and power of the laser, and the early first generation laser rangefinder still had certain damage to the human eye.

Of course, for the urgent Red Army armored soldiers, all this problem is not a problem. With sufficient capital investment, the armored soldiers laser rangefinder used was born in the first half of 1944. The initial batch of equipment was given to the T54 tank. This directly led to the straight increase in the combat effectiveness of the T54. Combined with the D1ot and the new 1oomm smoothbore gun, it can finally accurately kill German tanks at long distances.

Of course, only a few heavy tanks from the T54 and the original IS series can enjoy the treatment of installing laser rangefinders. This batch of tanks is only equipped for the guards. After all, the first generation of laser rangefinders are quite expensive and not something that the cheap t34 and t35 can enjoy.

However, the Red Army did not stop improving the fire control of t34 and t35, and although it was impossible to install expensive laser rangefinders on them. However, at the suggestion of Li Xiaofeng, the Red Army armored troops began to popularize rangefinder machine guns on low-end tanks. The so-called rangefinder machine gun is actually a heavy machine gun installed coaxially with the tank gun. At a distance of about 15oo meters, the ballistic characteristics of the machine gun are basically the same as those of the tank gun.

The specific method of use is: when the gunner appears, immediately measure the distance, then bind the scale of the distance measuring machine gun according to the measured distance, and then immediately fire a short shot. Then observe the bullet point of the distance measuring machine gun tracer. If it hits the target, immediately use a tank gun to shoot. Otherwise, it means a range measurement error. Correct the bullet point according to the bullet point of the distance measuring machine gun and then shoot again until it hits the target.

To be honest, the limited performance of range-finding machine guns is just an early "treatment" method for fire control equipment exhibitions. The effect of improving the hit rate of long-distance shooting is limited, especially not particularly powerful for shooting long-distance moving targets, and the operation is relatively cumbersome, especially in the range-finding project, there is no essential improvement.

However, in 1943, this was already a very high-level solution. At least the Red Army tankers were still welcomed by this plan. Soon in July and August 1943, a project to modify the rangefinder machine guns for the t34 and t35 was launched in full swing.

Since January 1943, the German tank soldiers suddenly discovered that the long-distance combat capabilities of the Red Army tankers have risen sharply. Not only the "rare" T54 long-distance artillery battles have become very fierce, but also the vast "recrying system" T34 and T35 have also begun to expand the combat distance, making the German tank soldiers and anti-tank artillery miserable.

Let’s talk about the topic of rangefinders for now, and to the previous topic navigation. The implementation of lasers allowed laser gyroscopes to be realized, but with the Soviet Union’s foundation in this field, it was still very difficult to quickly create laser gyroscopes for publication. Li Xiaofeng soon realized that the first generation of laser gyroscopes can only be manufactured in a small amount in the laboratory, and the volume and accuracy are not mentioned, so the cost is absolutely unacceptable. In desperation, a certain immortal could only cheat and purchased a batch of laser gyroscope equipment from the 1960s for use by the Red Army long-range aviation forces. Of course, the number is relatively limited, and basically each bomber regiment can be divided into two to four parts.

However, this is not a big problem. For the carpet bombing of large aircraft groups back then, each bomber did not need to be equipped with laser gyroscopes. One formation had two navigation machines equipped with laser gyroscopes to solve the problem. Other aircraft would be OK to fly with it.

Since September 1943, the Germans have obviously felt strange. Although they had taken effective measures to interfere with the Red Army's radio navigation equipment, the Soviet heavy bombers could always accurately find the target of the bombing. Even on a dark night, cities with strict light controls would still be found by the Red Army bombers and then exploded into a sea of ​​fire.

The Germans were always puzzled about how the Red Army accurately navigated and positioned. They tried their best to crack the secret, but under the strict defense of kgb, no breakthrough was made.

Not only the Germans were puzzled, but also their allies Britain and the United States were scratching their heads. They also faced navigation problems, even though Great Britain was closer to Germany, after the Germans took strict confrontational measures, the navigation problems were still imminent. This led to Britain and the United States having to upgrade their radio navigation systems again and again. They also wanted to know how the Red Army achieved precise positioning and avoid interference. Especially the latter, their interests were not ordinary.

Of course, the Soviet Union could not announce the secret of lasers to Britain and the United States. After finally leading for nearly 20 years, it was naturally impossible for the Soviet Union to give up the advantages of this field. In order to confuse Britain and the United States, kgb spread a lot of false information and deliberately misled Britain and the United States.

For example, it claimed that the Soviet Union had manufactured extremely high-precision mechanical gyroscopes, which lured Britain and the United States to invest a lot of valuable funds in this field. For example, the Soviet Union claimed that it had developed a brand new radio navigation system, which could completely avoid interference from the German army. This also caused Britain and the United States to spend a lot of effort to spy on the secrets of the so-called new radio navigation system of the Red Army, thus exposing a large number of lurking spies and bribed traitors.

Britain and the United States spent a lot of energy and money to figure out the secrets of Soviet navigation, but in the end, both the extremely high-precision mechanical gyroscopes and the so-called new radio navigation system were proved to be fictitious. So Britain and the United States finally concluded that the only possibility of the Red Army being able to accurately navigate was to train a group of extremely high-quality navigators, which allowed the Red Army to avoid interference from the German army.

It was not until 20 years later that the Americans made laser gyroscopes that there was a guess: Will the Soviets have already discovered the secret of lasers?

At the beginning, the proud Americans thought this was nonsense, believing that it was impossible to manufacture laser gyroscopes for publication in the 1940s based on the Soviet theory and industrial level. Until 1965, the year when Li Xiaofeng retreated to the second line, he decrypted the secrets of World War II in large quantities, among which laser gyroscopes were listed. At that time, Americans were now too far behind the Soviet Union in this field. When they first started using laser gyroscopes, the Soviet Union had already widely used the second generation of fiber gyroscopes.

Of course, Li Xiaofeng did not put all the eggs into the laser gyroscope. Although the navigation of inertial devices has strong anti-interference ability (unable to interfere), inertial devices have cumulative errors. When the range is long enough, the deviation will be wider and larger. Relying on inertial navigation alone cannot meet military needs.

Other means must be used to assist in inertial navigation to provide more accurate navigation. To this end, Li Xiaofeng ordered the relevant institutions of kgb to carry out research on new radio navigation systems, which is the so-called ta system, the full name is tasystem (tactical air navigation system), which is the so-called Takang system in later generations.

The Takang system is a short-range polar coordinate radio navigation system. Historically, the United States began to develop it in the late 40s and was put into use in 1952. Its principle is: a pair of pairs of interrogation pulses (paired pulses) with a interval of 12 microseconds (paired pulses).

The local platform receives the interrogation pulse pair and emits the same interval of answer pulse pairs. The aircraft compares the time when the response pulse pair is received with the time when the interrogation pulse pairs. It obtains the time when the pulse waves propagate in space, thereby obtaining the distance between the aircraft and the ground platform.

This completes the ranging work, of course this is not enough, and it must be able to be lateral. The lateral work is caused by the ground platform to emit nine amplitude-modulated pulse signals showing a heart-shaped lobe. This amplitude-modulated envelope includes a 15 Hz azimuth signal from the rotating heart-shaped pattern and a 135 Hz azimuth signal generated by the rotation of the nine lobes (the phase of these two signals is related to the spatial orientation of the ground platform relative to the aircraft).

I won’t explain the specific principle in detail. Anyway, by comparing the above two pulse signals and applying the lobe removal technology, the aircraft can obtain a relatively accurate orientation information to achieve positioning. Then, comparing it with inertial navigation equipment, accurate positioning information can naturally be obtained.

This Takang system was developed in 1944 and was not put into use until 1949. It can basically meet the navigation requirements within 5 oo kilometers and is very practical for the front-line aviation forces of the Red Army.

Of course, Li Xiaofeng was still not satisfied. After that, he tried his best to promote the Red Army's research on satellite navigation, and began to predict it in 1950. Until the first experimental glonass in the Soviet Union was launched in 1965, burning 200 million US dollars in 15 years. This huge amount of money made the political situation that year extremely painful, but who made Li Xiaofeng insist strongly?

Of course, in the future, the Political Bureau will find that the 20 billion US dollars spent is really worth it. Not only did it solve the Red Army's precise positioning problem at one time, but it also made a big profit in the civilian market, creating no less than 2 trillion US dollars in the next half century.

Let’s talk about the topic of new technology for now. Let’s go to the battlefield to see the situation of the Soviet and German sides in early April. Let’s start from north to south. In East Prussia, it is still a deadlock. Although the German army did not have the ability to cross the steel Great Walls built by the Jews, the Jews did not have the power to counterattack. The national strength was limited, especially the human resources were too precious, and they did not have much mobile force. The precious armored divisions were more responsible for the role of moving anti-tank turrets. They were firefighters. Once the German breakthrough point was found, they would immediately go to extinguish the fire.

This unique tactic also left a design idea that was contrary to the mainstream design ideas of the future Jews. The Jews wanted to obtain an anti-tank platform with strong armor and good mobility. From the beginning, the Jewish armored troops were based on defense, which was completely different from the advocacy of attack by their good friend Red Army. This also led to the advanced tanks of the Red Army not fully meeting the needs of the Jews.

In the 1960s, the Jews exhibited a unique mekava tank, which was motivated and transformed in front of the box. This kind of heavy tank built by using a large amount of inclined armor was an absolute alien. It was not suitable for real armor warfare. When facing a close opponent, it was easy to be beaten and paralyzed. Fortunately, the Jews had certain battlefield advantages at that time. They could control the battlefield to collect the mekava that was beaten and then repair it, but the mekava based on defense was still good to use as a mobile turret.

The Northern Line is a deadlock for both sides. The really complicated ones are the central line and the southern line. On the central line, the German army suffered a crushing defeat with the Second Battle of Bryansk. From Minsk to Mozili, the German army was at a comprehensive disadvantage and passive, and basically lost the ability to maintain the front line. If the Red Army had not had a high consumption of continuous operations before and had no ability to continue to pursue the victory, it would not be a big problem to drive the German army to the border between Belarus and East Poland.

The situation of the German army on the southern front was only slightly better. The capture of Kiev was a political augmentation for the Germans. At least Germany was full of joy and encouragement. Hitler's personal reputation reached its peak.

But we all know that Kiev was not captured by the German army, but the Red Army voluntarily gave up. The reason why the Red Army gave up Kiev was actually to counterattack. As the Ukrainian Second Front Army returned to north of Kiev, the time for the Ukrainian First Front Army and the Ukrainian Second Front Army to recover Kiev and encircle and annihilate the Manstein cluster and the 17th German Army was basically ripe.

For the Red Army, it is basically a matter of time to carry out this battle. As long as the supply is in place and as long as the Ukrainian Second Front Army completes rest and recuperation, you can immediately give the Germans a little color. Please note that the two fronts of the Red Army concentrated a huge force of about 8 armies in the direction of Kiev, and there were only four armies against the enemy. The strength gap between the two sides was almost a multiple!

If we consider that the Voronezh Front and the Ukrainian Third Front have been ready for combat, the Red Army's strength will expand to at least 12 armies in the future. Even if the German army exploits Hungary again, Romania and Italian cannon fodder will not be able to gather many people. Let's put it this way, once the Battle of Kiev breaks out, the Germans will face a storm!

This storm will sweep across Ukraine, driving the Germans to East Poland and threatening Romania. Let's put it this way, the situation of the Germans is really a pill!

Of course, Hitler could not admit defeat. Yuan always believed that the winner of this war could only be him and Germany. Especially when Yuan found the key fortress to turn the situation around and fortress tactics, he believed that passiveness was only temporary. After the fortified Kiev and other large and medium-sized cities consumed the vitality of the Bolshevik devils, the great Germany would win the victory in one go.

However, at that time, there were not many people optimistic about the Yuan-style tactics. For example, Manstein was dismissive of this so-called fortress and fortress tactics (to be continued.)

ps: Bow to thank A Piece of Snow 1, rankregi11, Cavaliers and Comrade Juventus!

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Chapter completed!