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In the previous chapters, I wrote the Dengwen Drum. Many book friends asked about the origin and said that the drum did not start from the Han Dynasty, and should have been earlier. There were many people who cursed people for a while, and the words were still unpleasant.

In fact, I just want to say one thing, if you think it is too bad, you can not read it or leave silently, just act like this author too second, there is no need to scold you. On the one hand, it will waste your mouth, on the other hand, it will waste your energy, on the other hand, it will not feel good about me, so the best effect is to leave silently.

I've said a few words and got back to the main topic. Is there any mistake in writing about the Dingwen Gu? Let's take a look together.

Because ancient emperors paid more attention to speech, no one wanted to be a reputation for guarding the people as if they were just a wise ruler, a foolish ruler, a heroic ruler or a mediocre ruler, they would leave a beautiful impression of liking for the advice of ministers, and it has been passed down since then.

As early as the Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty established the road drum and lung stone system.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, there was a position of Ma Ling, the public car Sima Cheng, and his deputy was Ma Cheng. One of their responsibilities was to receive and arrange letters or request to meet with Emperor Chen Yan, and also officials in charge of petition affairs. In the Western Han Dynasty, there was also a system of writing letters to the palace. It was a way to file lawsuits in the Han Dynasty, which meant that the victims of the case or other wronged people went to the capital to file lawsuits with the central judicial organs, which was a typical behavior of cross-report. In addition, the forms of letters and petitions by officials and civilians in the Han Dynasty were "spoken letters" before the imperial carriage, "spoken letters" before the imperial carriage, etc., and the "spoken letters" before the imperial carriage were the source of the form of petitions such as "inviting the carriage" or "reporting the imperial carriage" in the future.

Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the "Dengwen Drum" system was set up, and it has become an important way of direct complaints in all dynasties and has been used in the Qing Dynasty. It was an important system in petition activities. While the Jin Dynasty was set up, it continued to set up "slander wood" and "Dongmu". It was renamed "Huabitu Wood" and "Dongmu".

The Southern Dynasties set up drums and slandering trees to listen to the opinions of the subjects of the world. During the Northern Wei Dynasty Emperor Taiwu, the palace was hung on the left side of the palace, and when people were injustice, they beat the drums, and the official in charge reported the report. During the Northern Qi Dynasty, the form of petitioning "inviting a car to drive" was officially launched, that is, when the emperor went out, he blocked the emperor's carriage and horse complaints. This form of petition continued until the Qing Dynasty.

In the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Yang of Sui established a memorial platform, with memorial doctors as the main officials, and there were officials such as communicating with memorials and other subordinates, responsible for officials and people's complaints and grievances. At the same time, the Sui Dynasty continued to retain the system of admonishment.

The Tang Dynasty inherited the practices of the previous dynasties and continued to have lung stones and Dengwengu. The most famous petition agency was the establishment of the envoy in the time of Wu Zetian. In the second year of Wu Zetian's Chuigong, the four green, dan, white and black were placed on all sides of the court. The petition letters were divided into four categories to support the people and encourage farmers, discuss current affairs, report grievances, and report secret policies. The establishment of the envoy in the first place opened a channel to make the people's low-income reach the central government, setting up a historical petition activity, and establish a relatively formal petition system. In addition, a very important form of petition in the Tang Dynasty was "inviting cars and driving."

In the Song Dynasty, the establishment of petition institutions inherited the two systems of Dengwen Gu and Guiyuan in the Tang Dynasty, but its institutional settings and operating mechanisms were more rigorous and perfect. Dengwen Guyuan became a department that formally accepted petitions from the people. In the early Song Dynasty, the institution was called Drums, and in the ninth year of Taiping Xingguo, the Tuanwen Guyuan was renamed Dengwen Guyuan.

In the Yuan Dynasty, there were petitions such as beating the drums and inviting cars and driving. At the same time, the Yuan Dynasty took the appeal to the local fang government as a prerequisite for petitioning to the superiors.

The petition system in the Ming Dynasty continued to retain the petition methods such as Dengwengu and inviting cars and driving. The Dengwengu was placed outside the Meridian Gate first, "not being attacked unless it is a serious injustice or a secret and important situation, and the attack will be triggered." Later, it was moved outside the right gate of Chang'an, and the six-department Jinyiwei was allowed to take turns to be on duty, accepting the drum-beating appeal and memorial, and not being blocked. In addition, an important petition institution was established in the Ming Dynasty. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang established the Jailing Office, accepted the world's memorials, appeals and letters, and was revoked soon. In the tenth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Tongzheng Office, which was ranked first in the Qing Temple. The Tongzheng Office was the general collection agency of the court.

In the Qing Dynasty's petition system, there was a system of knocking and complaining to the higher-level organs. "Knocking and complaining to the imperial organs" were divided into two ways, namely drumming and complaining to the imperial organs. In addition, there was also a system of superior control in the Qing Dynasty's petition system, which was specifically divided into local control and Beijing control. Local control is a system of dissatisfied with the prefectures and county governments and complaining to the higher-level organs. And the people "who have any wronged to go to the Censorate, and the Tongzhengsi or the infantry commander's yamen to submit complaints is called Beijing control." The Qing Dynasty had strict procedures for superior control, and no more control than control, that is, no more petitioning and complaining to the higher-level organs.

Therefore, the "drum of injustice" should have started from the Wei and Jin Dynasties. (Education 123 Literature Network) "Xiaoyao Jiangshan" only represents the author Yi Jing Zhiyue's viewpoint. If you find that its content violates national laws, please delete it. Your position is only committed to providing a healthy and green reading platform.

【】, Thank you everyone!
Chapter completed!