The is the base for erecting artillery, which is a wartime ification that emerged with the development of artillery. It is generally located in a strategic ress that can be attacked and defended by retreating and defense. It has more than two artillery pieces and is a permanent artillery position built at the Jianghai ports and resses in the past. It is mainly equipped with large-caliber and long-range artillery artillery. The position is permanent ification and is relatively strong. Due to the changes in modern warfare and the maneuverability of artillery, the ress is no longer a wartime ification, so it has been abandoned, with only some strategic or historical significance.

Yi's was protected and became a historical site, such as the Xiamen Hulishan Fortress, Shanghai Wusongkou Fortress, Yantai East-West Fortress and Lushun Electric Rock Fortress, etc. These s were mostly equipped with modern shore artillery, which played an active role in fighting foreign invasion. The ress is a type of artillery position built in coastal defense, river defense and border defense resses. It is divided into clear turrets and hidden turrets, and is built with stones. Each turret can be placed several to dozens of cannons. The cannons are round, crescent-shaped, and arranged in a shape of a character.

Related records

1. In the old days, permanent artillery positions built on Jianghai ports and other resses. An old fixed artillery firing position built on Jianghai ports or resses. "Draft of History of Qing Dynasty: Military Records III": "The Dagu Fort was stationed in Dagu Fortresses with personal artillery teams." For example, Wusong Fortress in Shanghai. 2, the gun position or platform built for the placement of artillery is also called "boats". Fortifications built on dangerous places such as Jianghai ports to install cannons. Volume 1 of the Song Chengui "City Defending":

"If the city is not wide, it will inevitably be difficult to install cannons and tolerate many. Even if there are turrets, the turrets are not very wide." Volume 1 of Chen Kangqi of the Qing Dynasty: "There is no way to control the sea mouth to make a turret and a turret to change the turrets." Xue Fucheng of the Qing Dynasty "The Commentary on the Planning and Intimidation of Neighbors": "Yantai has no turrets, no army, and no military ships, and there is no foundation for self-reliance, so it is impossible to control people." Wang Kaiyun's "Letter to Guangzhou and Women": "The rural ethnic groups live in many places, and many turrets are built."

1, Tianjin Dagukou Fortress

Modern Chinese history is closely related to the Dagukou Fort. In the 1830s, British invaders dumped large amounts of opium into our country, harming the Chinese people and causing a large amount of silver to flow out. In the north, opium entered Tianjin through Dagukou. In 1839, Lin Zexu went to Guangdong to ban smoking, angering the Qing army on the Dagukou Fort fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance.

The people brazenly provoked the Opium War in June 1840. In August, the British army invaded Dagukou and made unreasonable demands such as cede land and compensation. In August 1842, the Qing government was forced to sign the first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history, the Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to ced the Hong Kong Island to Britain, compensate for huge compensation, open up five trading ports, and agree on tariffs. China began to gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. From the Second Opium War to the Eight-Nation Alliance invading China in 1900, Western powers invaded the Dagukou Fort four times. The soldiers and civilians of Dagukou resisted bravely and fought an indomitable struggle with the invaders. After the defeat, the Qing government realized the important strategic position of Dagukou.

Therefore, in July 1858, Emperor Xianfeng appointed Senggelinqin as the imperial envoy to supervise the military affairs of the coastal defense and guard Dagukou. He rebuilt a new at the original site of Dagukou, increasing height, widening and thickening the old . The built turrets totaled five s, three on the south bank and two on the north bank, named after the five characters "Wei", "Zhen", "Sea", "Gate" and "Gao". Later, a was added in the stone cracks on the north bank, commonly known as "Stone Crop Fort". Because its location is in the northwest direction, Western documents also called it "Northwest Fort". In addition, Senggelinqin also strengthened the defense and firepower of the , strengthened the combat readiness training of the defenders, and made a series of combat readiness measures.

2, Guangdong Humen Fortress

In the middle and late Qianlong period, the Qing Dynasty became increasingly corrupt and its national strength declined. Western countries began to covet China. At the end of the 18th century to the early 19th century, British opium was smuggled to China in large quantities. Lin Zexu, the minister who firmly advocated smoking ban, arrived in Guangzhou in 1839, banned opium, confiscated more than 20,000 boxes of opium, and destroyed it in public from June 3 to 25 at Humen Beach. At the same time, he actively deployed defenses in Humen, Dongguan County with patriotic general Guan Tianpei, set up 11 s and more than 300 cannons. However, the corrupt Qing government dismissed Lin Zexu from post and investigated. On January 7, 1841, British business supervisor Charlie Elliot sent troops to raid the Dajiao and Shajiao Forts of the Pearl River Estuary, and the guard Chen Liansheng and others died heroically.

Qi Shan, the minister of the Qing Dynasty, privately asked Elliot to surrender, and promised to ced Hong Kong Island to Britain, open trading ports such as Guangzhou, and compensate for the tobacco. Emperor Daoguang felt that the land loss compensation had seriously damaged the reputation of the Qing Dynasty, so he ordered a declaration of war against Britain. Elliot led warships to attack the Humen Fort on February 25, and Guan Tianpei led the army to fight to the death. The guards defeated the British army many times, but they could not wait for reinforcements. They persisted until the evening, and because they were outnumbered, all more than 400 soldiers died heroically. Now the "Tomb of the righteous and bravery" on the Humen Fort are buried some soldiers who fought against the British army at that time. There is also a "Jingbing Yi Tomb" behind the Shajiao Fort at the west foot of the Baicao Mountain in Humen, burying Chen Liansheng and most of the soldiers who died on January 7.

3, Xiamen Hulishan Fortress

Located in the southwest of Xiamen Island, it was built in the 17th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1891). It took five years to build this . The most famous one on the was a giant cannon purchased from the Krupp Arsenal in Germany. It has been well preserved so far, with an effective range of up to 6,460 meters and cost 50,000 taels of silver. The cannon also hit an invading Japanese warship in the early days of the War of Resistance. In September 1997, the Hulishan Fort established the Rongguang Treasure Museum, and one of the small cannons on display was made by the Portuguese in the 13th century. It is 11 cm long, weighs 0.22 kilograms and has a diameter of 2.4 cm. It is the small cannon in the world. Therefore, the Hulishan Fort currently has two largest and smallest cannons in the world.

4, Macau Cannon

Macau Cannon

Fortalezado Monte (also known as St. Paul Fort, Central Fort or Grand Sap Battery), is located near the Grand Sap Battery. In history, it was the center of military defense facilities. It is one of the oldest Western buildings in China, and is also part of the historical urban area of ​​Macau. It is the main scenic spots and historical sites in Macau. The Fort was built in 1616 AD during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty. It was built to protect St. Paul's priest to defend against pirates and was later converted into a military facility area. Giant steel cannons are placed around the . The ancient cannons have lost their military role today, but they have become an important historical relics and witnesses in Macau. There is a large area on the .

The open space is green grass and towering ancient trees; giant steel cannons are located beside it. There are many cultural relics and historical buildings left on the platform. For example, the ancient tower on the was one of the Jesuits' meeting sites. The ancient bell on the right side of the open space was cast by a famous cannon expert and was transported back to Portugal. It was transferred back to Portugal a few years ago by the Sisters' Association. The stone carvings at the entrance of the record the achievements of this resisting foreign enemies. The surrounding environment of the is beautiful, overlooking the panoramic view of Macau, and the scenery of the Pearl River Estuary and Gongbei area from a distance. There are two museums on the , one is the Macau Museum, which directly leads to the Dasanba Archway below the , and the other is relatively small in scale, mainly introducing the history of the .

5. Shenzhen Chiwan Left Fortress

The left is located in Yingzui Mountain, Shenzhen. Walking along the uphill highway for about a hundred meters, you will see the gate of the Fort City. Go up the steps and there are steles on the right, engraved with Lin Zexu's poems. This is the famous poem written by General Secretary Jiang in 1990 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Opium War: If you benefit the country's life and death, how can you avoid it because of misune and une? Chiwan Left Fort

The left is on the top of Yingzui Mountain. It is understood that there were two left and right s in Chiwan. They were built in the eighth year of Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1669). There were 12 pig iron cannons, both located at the top of the Shekou Peninsula, which was "behind the sea ridges and crossed the sea with dangers". They were squatting the mountains and seas. The left and right s formed a horn, clamping the Chiwan port and gaze the Lingding sea. They were the main maritime barrier during the Opium War. In 1839, when the governor of Huguang, Lin Zexu, deployed the Pearl River Estuary, rebuilt the Chiwan Fort, which played an important role in banning smoking. Guan Tianpei, the governor of the Guangdong Navy, used the to defeat the British army in Lingdingyang. Historical vicissitudes, the only left remains in Chiwan Fort is now well preserved, and the local relevant departments once

The repaired turret was erected on the Eagle's Hill with a height of 170 meters, facing north and south, divided into two parts: platform and wall. It is 26.2 meters long, 15.5 meters wide, 4.5 meters high, wall 3.78 meters high, and area about 400 square meters. The base of the turret city is built with large pieces of granite. The north is the entrance of the turret city. There are still two house residues left in the east and west sides of the city. It was the residence of the soldiers guarding the turret back then. The high platform on the south is about 8 meters wide, which is the site where the cannon positions are used. On the turret, an ancient cannon is majestic and unyielding. The left cannon on the turret was rusted, but it can still be seen that it is majestic and unyielding. The left cannon platform on the Chiwan

On the city wall to the west of the , two century-old banyan trees tied their roots deeply into the city wall, tightly tangled with the city wall, almost integrated with the city wall. Without fertile soil, they are lush and their lives are so tough and their vitality is so strong. To the north of the left is a bronze statue of Lin Zexu, sculpted in 1985, the 200th anniversary of Lin Zexu's birth. The bronze statue is 3.2 meters high and weighs 1.8 tons. It is the largest bronze statue of Lin Zexu in China. The statue was created by Tang Daxi, a famous sculptor in my country. It is on the front of the marble base. It is the late calligrapher Zhao Pu.
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