, is one of the eight major planets in the solar system, with the fifth order from the sun (from near to far) and is also the largest and fastest-rotating planet in the solar system. Jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, and the central temperature is estimated to be as high as 30,500℃. In ancient China, it was called the Year Star, and it took it to be 12 years orbiting the celestial sphere, which is the same as the Earthly Branches. Western languages ​​generally call it Jupiter (Latin: Jupiter), which originated from the king of gods in Roman mythology, and is equivalent to Zeus in Greek mythology.

Orbital: 778,330,000 kilometers away from the sun (5.203 astronomical units)

The orbital period: The period of Jupiter orbiting the sun is 4332.589 days, which is about 11.86 years.

Rotation period: The rotation period of Jupiter's equator is 9 hours, 50 minutes and 30 seconds, and the rotation period in the poles is slightly slower.

Diameter: 142,800 km (equator), 133,800 km (bipolar)

Quality: 1.90*10^27 kg

Average density: 1.33 (water is 1)

Core density: 160 (water is 1)

Surface gravity acceleration: 23.12 meters per quadratic second.

Escape speed: 60.2 km/s

Mass (to the Earth): 317.89

Volume (to the Earth) 1316

Surface temperature: The effective surface temperature value is -168℃, while the earth's observation value is -139℃.

Jupiter is the largest in the eight planets in the solar system. It has an extremely huge mass, more than 2.5 times the sum of the other seven planets, 317.89 times the earth, and 1,316 times the earth. According to the distance from near to far, Jupiter ranks fifth. At the same time, Jupiter is also the fastest-rotating planet in the solar system. It only takes 9 hours, 50 minutes and 30 seconds per week, so Jupiter is not a spherical shape, but a two-pole

The three-axis unequal ellipsoid of the equatorial drum are significantly flat. Jupiter is the fourth brightest star in the sky, second only to the sun, the moon and Venus (sometimes, Jupiter is slightly darker than Mars, but sometimes it is brighter than Venus), because Jupiter is huge in size and has a stronger ability to reflect sunlight. Jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, with the hydrogen content of 82%, the helium content of 17%, and the others are only 1%. The central temperature is estimated to be as high as 30,500℃.

There is a large red spot on the surface of Jupiter, located in the southern part of Jupiter's equator. It is 48,000 kilometers from east to west, with a minimum of more than 20,000 kilometers, a maximum of 14,000 kilometers from north to south, and a minimum of 11,000 kilometers, with an area of ​​about 453,250,000 square kilometers, which can accommodate three earths. There is still debate about what it is, and many people think it is a whirlwind that never stops. This large red spot was discovered by the French descendant astronomer Cassini in 1665. It has not changed its shape for more than 300 years.

Jupiter was known to mankind as early as prehistoric. According to Galileo's observations on the four moons of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Iopa and Io (now often called the Galileo satellite), they were the first discovery not to operate on the earth as the center, and they are also the main basis for planetary motions that agree with Copernicus' heliocentric theory. For many years, people have believed that Iopa was discovered by Galileo through his homemade telescope in 1609, along with Iopa.

1. Europa and Europa are called Galileo satellites. In fact, Ioropa was discovered by Gan De, an astronomer in the Warring States Period in China. He wrote two books "Sui Xing Jing" and "Astronomy Stars", but unfortunately they have been lost. There is a record in the 23rd volume of "Kai Yuan Zai Sutra" compiled by the astronomer Qutan Siddha of the Tang Dynasty. "Gan said: "The year of the single lunar calendar is in Mao, and the year star is in Zi, and the year star is in Zi, and the young girl is empty, and the dangerous person comes out in the morning and enters the evening. The appearance is very bright. If there is a small red star attached to it, it is called an alliance."

Gander discovered Metz in 346 BC, nearly 2,000 years earlier than Galileo.

Jupiter Image (30 pictures) Gas planets

Gasy planets have no solid surface, and their gaseous matter density only increases from the increase in depth (we calculate their radius and diameter from the point where their surface is equivalent to 1 atmosphere). What we see is usually the top of the cloud layer in the atmosphere, with a pressure slightly higher than 1 atmosphere.

Jupiter consists of 82% hydrogen and 17% helium (the ratio of atoms, 75/25% mass ratio) and trace amounts of methane, water, ammonia and "stones". Jupiter's atmosphere is very thick, with a thickness of 3,000 kilometers. Below the atmosphere is a layer of liquid hydrogen that is 27,000 kilometers thick, and below is metal hydrogen, which is very similar to the composition of the original solar system nebula that forms the entire solar system. Saturn has a similar composition, and it is also a dense atmosphere. Under the atmosphere is a layer of liquid hydrogen layer up to 26,000 kilometers thick, and below is metal hydrogen. However, in the composition of Uranus and Neptune, the amount of hydrogen and helium is less.

The information we obtained about Jupiter's internal structure (and other gaseous planets) is very indirect and has stagnated for a long time. (The Jupiter atmospheric data from Galileo only detected 150 kilometers below the clouds)

Stone core

Jupiter may have a stone core, equivalent to the mass of 10-15 Earths. The core is the gathering ground of most planetary matter, which exists in the form of liquid hydrogen. The most common form of Jupiter may only exist at a pressure of 4 billion Pa, and this is the environment inside Jupiter (Saturn is also). Liquid metal hydrogen consists of ionized protons and electrons (similar to the interior of the sun, but much lower temperature). Under the temperature pressure inside Jupiter, hydrogen is liquid, not gaseous, which makes it the electronic commander and source of Jupiter's magnetic field. The intensity of Jupiter's magnetic field is about 10 Gauss, 10 times larger than that of the earth. Also in this layer, it may also contain some helium and trace amounts of ice. Jupiter is also one of the strongest radio power sources known in the sky.

The outermost layer is mainly composed of ordinary hydrogen and helium molecules. They are liquid inside and gasified on the outside. All we can see is the higher part of this deep layer. Water, carbon dioxide, methane and some other simple gas molecules are also a little bit here.

The three obvious stratifications of the clouds are believed to be present with ammonia ice, ammonium water sulfide and ice-water mixtures. However, preliminary results from the proof from Galileo show that these substances are extremely rare in the clouds (one instrument appears to have detected the outermost layer, the other may have detected the second outer layer at the same time). But the surface location of the proof this time is very unusual - Earth-based telescopic observations and more recent observations from the Galileo orbital spacecraft suggest that the selected area this time is likely to be the warmest and least cloudy area on Jupiter's surface at that time.

Atmospheric data from Galileo also proves that there is much less water there than expected. Jupiter's atmosphere was originally expected to contain twice as much oxygen as the current sun (including sufficient hydrogen to produce water), but it is currently less concentrated than the sun. Another amazing news is the high temperature and density of the outer layer of the atmosphere.

High-speed hurricanes on the surface of the planet

There are high-speed hurricanes on the surface of Jupiter and other gaseous planets, with wind speeds of 400 kilometers per hour and are limited to a narrow latitude range, and the direction of wind blowing close to latitude is opposite to it. Slight chemical composition and temperature changes in these belts create colorful surface bands, which dominate the appearance of the planet. The bright surface bands are called zones and the dark belts are called belts. These belts on Jupiter have been known for a long time.

But the vortex of the band boundary zone was first discovered by the Voyager spacecraft. Data sent back by the Galileo spacecraft showed that the surface wind speed was much faster than expected (more than 400 mph) and extended to the same depth as the root could observe, extending about thousands of kilometers inward. Jupiter's atmosphere was also found to be quite disordered, indicating that due to the heat inside it, the hurricane was moving most rapidly, unlike the earth that only retrieved heat from the sun.

The colorful clouds on the surface of Jupiter may be caused by subtle differences in the chemical composition in the atmosphere and their effects. It may be that a mixture of sulfur is mixed into it, creating a colorful visual effect, but the details are still unknown.

The change in color is related to the height of the clouds: the lowest point is blue, followed by brown and white, and the highest point is red. Only by passing through the holes in the clouds at high points can we see the clouds at low points.

The Great Red Spot on the surface of Jupiter was known by observations on Earth 300 years ago (this discovery is often attributed to Cassini, or Robert Hooke in the 17th century). The Great Red Spot is an ellipse with a length of 25,000 kilometers and a span of 12,000 kilometers, enough to accommodate two Earths. Other smaller spots have been seen for decades. Infrared observations and derivation of its rotational trends show that the Great Red Spot is a high-pressure zone where the tops of the clouds are particularly higher and colder than the surrounding areas. Similar situations are also found on Saturn and Neptune. It is not clear why such structures last for so long.

The kernel may be up to 20,000

Jupiter radiates energy outward, which is more than received from the sun. Jupiter is very hot inside: it may be as high as 20,000 at the core. The heat yield is generated by the Kelvin-Helmholtz principle (slow gravity compression of the planet). (Jupiter does not generate energy from nuclear reactions like the sun, it is too small and the internal temperature is not enough to cause nuclear reactions.) These internal heats may greatly trigger convection of Jupiter's liquid layer and cause the complex movement process of the cloudtop we see. Saturn and Neptune are similar to Jupiter in this respect, but strangely, Uranus does not.

Jupiter is the same as the maximum diameter that a gaseous planet can achieve. If the composition increases again, it will be compressed by gravity, causing the global radius to only slightly increase. A star can only become larger because of the internal heat source (nuclear energy). However, if Jupiter wants to become a star, its mass must be at least 80 times larger.

Have a strong magnetic field

The investigation results sent back by the spacecraft show that Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, with a surface magnetic field strength of 3 to 14 Gauss, which is much stronger than the Earth's surface magnetic field (the Earth's surface magnetic field strength is only 0.3 to 0.8 Gauss). Jupiter's magnetic field is the same as Earth, and is dipole, with an inclination of 10°8' between the magnetic axis and the rotation axis. Jupiter's positive magnetic pole refers not to the North Pole, but to the South Pole, which is exactly the opposite of the situation on Earth. Due to the interaction between Jupiter's magnetic field and solar wind, Jupiter's magnetosphere is formed. The range of Jupiter's magnetosphere is large and the structure is complex, with a huge space between 1.4 million and 7 million kilometers away from Jupiter.

They are all Jupiter's magnetosphere; and the Earth's magnetosphere is only within a range of 50,000 to 70,000 kilometers from the center of the earth. Jupiter's four large moons are shielded by Jupiter's magnetosphere to prevent it from the attack of solar wind. There is a radiation belt called the Van Allen belt around Jupiter, and there is such a radiation belt around Jupiter. "Voyager 1" also found that Jupiter's side facing away from the sun has a 30,000-kilometer-long northern lights. In early 1981, when "Voyager 2" had already left Jupiter's magnetosphere and ran for Saturn, he was once again affected by Jupiter's magnetic field. From this point of view, Jupiter's magnetic tail was dragged to at least 60 million kilometers and had reached the orbit of Saturn.
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