Section 2 The Destruction of the Avars

It is red and sparse and green is dense, the waves are soft and fertile, it is the season for boating. Carrying the earth and holding the sky, I know all the outstanding people. Thousands of miles of the Yangtze River, hundreds of years of proud people, only laugh and talk about it. In autumn, the reeds are frosted, the moon is dawning on the buildings and boats, and the fishermen and woodcutters can talk.

After the success of dividing Shaanxi, I returned from Shadi, my embroidery was shining brightly, and my eyebrows were yellow. After Zhongxing, look at this meritorious deeds. It should be sealed with fate and Gui, and they will all be rewarded. The merits of the Yuan Dynasty overlap. Check in front of you, and it will be peaceful.

The weather is different now.

The civil strife in France could have given the Abar people a good opportunity to take revenge. However, instead of taking the opportunity to launch a war against France, the Abar people themselves began to fall apart after the French retreated. Some Abar people even

They are willing to believe that the French army is too powerful and they are no match for them. Some people directly place all the responsibility for the defeat on Ye Hu, who is actually responsible for the country's military and political affairs, and ask the Khan to follow the example of the Kesar Turks and remove Ye Hu from his post.

And severe punishments were imposed. The increasingly acute conflicts in the country split the country into two factions, and the two factions attacked each other. The civil war lasted until the end of 795, and the final outcome was extremely unfavorable to both factions. Avar Khan and Ye Hu

All died in this civil war, and the Avars have since entered a state of anarchy. The split of the Avars gave Duke Eric of Friuli an opportunity. He led his private army to unite the Croats, but the Danube River

An attack was launched in the heart of the country of Avar. The coalition forces invaded the capital of the country of Avar without any strong resistance and stole a large amount of property. This skill of rapid assault was originally the specialty of the Amal people, but unexpectedly

A hundred years later, the Abar people were defeated by their enemies using the method they were good at.

Now, most Avars have lost confidence in their own nation's political power. They have no allies around them. Neighboring countries are eyeing them. Seeing that such a huge empire is declining, who doesn't want to come and get a piece of the pie. Since the Avars

The Var people had no ability to protect themselves, so they had to find a way to find the strongest opponent to cooperate. The Avark Han sent an envoy to the Frankish Kingdom. At that time, the Frankish King Charles was commanding the suppression of the Saxon rebellion in Regensburg. The Avar envoy requested to

The Frankish Kingdom surrendered. Charles asked him to hand over all the land and people and convert to Christianity. The Avar envoy agreed to this request. In early 796 AD, the Avar Khan came to Aachen as promised and accepted it with all his men.

The baptism of Christianity. The surrender of Avar Khan became the last straw for this country. Such a huge empire was now vulnerable. Charlemagne was a man who was good at seizing opportunities. Seeing such a good opportunity in front of him, he would definitely

He would not miss it. He immediately ordered King Pepin of Italy and Duke Eric of Friuli to march eastward. The enemy troops came in large numbers, but the Avars still refused to surrender. Then they were cut apart by the enemy on both land and water.

The Var army soon collapsed, and the people across the country also lost confidence.

Just when the armies of Pepin and Eric reached the confluence of the Drava and Danube rivers, the new Avar Khan appeared on the other side of the Danube with a large number of followers. They did not come to fight, but to surrender. Now almost

The desperate Khan begged Pepin in a humble tone, hoping that he could treat every plant and tree in the Avar country well. Pepin readily accepted the surrender of the Avar Khan, and immediately ordered a large army to loot all the finances in the Avar country.

, and then set a fire to burn down the capital of Avars. During this Eastern Expedition, the French army captured quite a lot of loot. I am afraid that in all the previous wars, there were not as many spoils as this war. Pipin only

In 796 AD, the gold transported from the capital city of Avar weighed dozens of tons. According to records, the gold was loaded into 15 carts, and each cart required four bullocks to pull it. Such a huge amount

After the wealth arrived in the Frankish Empire, it quickly boosted France's domestic demand, and churches throughout the Frankish Kingdom began to expand and renovate. Even the word "aware" in English is taken from Avar, because the French army robbed the Avar country.

It got its name from the plunder. Since then, the financial resources of Western Europe have exceeded that of Eastern Europe, completely ending the primitive economic era of barter for hundreds of years after the decline of the Roman Empire, and re-establishing the Bretton Woods system that lasted until 1971.

The international gold standard currency system until its collapse. The surrender of the Avars Khan marked the complete destruction of the Avars. Because this war of conquest was carried out too easily, even the Avars' opponents, the French army, laughed at their cowardice and incompetence. It was difficult.

It is unimaginable that the descendants of the great Boyan Khan would be reduced to such a situation. French history books even claim that the entire Abal nation, including nobles and civilians, was killed, and Pannonia became a desolate land.

wilderness.

But at this point, the story of the Avars still does not end here. This is because the French army retreated after advancing to the river above ground. What they got was only half of the country of Avars. The our2 people east of the Tisza River have not yet moved to the east of the Tisza River.

The Frankish Kingdom surrendered, and even the Avars who surrendered to the Franks were still dissatisfied. The Frankish Kingdom was originally a country with a vast territory and many ethnic groups. In any multi-ethnic country in ancient times, ethnic and regional conflicts would arise. The Franks

The property of the Avars was plundered and they were forced to leave their homes and go to farm in the upper reaches of the Elbe River where Saxons and Slavs lived together. This incident greatly humiliated the proud herders and landowners. Just after the Avars surrendered,

A year later, they mutinied again. The Avars immigrants in Central Europe united with the Saxons and Slavs to launch a series of riots against the rule of the Frankish Kingdom. Because the French army underestimated the enemy at the beginning, they paid a heavy price.

It was an extremely painful price. By 799, the Avar uprising reached its climax, and the nobles of the Avar country also joined the anti-French camp. They gained leadership, and the leader was still the Avar Khan Tu who had surrendered to the Frankish Kingdom.

Doden. Because the Avars lived under the tyranny of France for several years, they finally recovered part of the brave spirit of their ancestors after they could no longer bear it. In 799 AD, in the Battle of Talsatika, they killed

Killed Duke Eric of Friuli, the actual destroyer of the Avars. Until now, two of Charles' most capable generals had died.

Eric's father is the Governor of Bavaria, Grod, who is also Charlie's brother-in-law. He heard that his beloved son was killed by the Avars. He was heartbroken after losing his son and was eager to take revenge. As a result, he was ambushed by the Avars.

, he himself was killed in battle, and soon two more counts died in Pannonia. In just one autumn, four famous French generals died at the hands of the Avars. Just in Frankland

When the kingdom's eastern territory was about to collapse, Charles decided to lead the expedition himself. In 800 AD, he came to Regensburg again to command the battle. Under his command, the war situation was finally reversed. This time he learned from the lessons of the past and did not

He kept the spoils for himself and gave a large part of them to the Holy See. The Holy See has always been eager for benefits, and they will be willing to pay for the benefits in the future. In Rome on December 23, 800 AD

One of the most important events in the European Middle Ages occurred. Pope Leo III (Leo II) crowned French King Charles as Roman Emperor, who was immediately crowned with the supreme title of "Emperor". During the process of Charles's ascension to the throne, Frank

The treasures taken from the Avars obviously played a vital role. In medieval Europe, the crowning of the Pope as Roman Emperor was not just a ceremony, but a declaration of his sovereignty over the entire Western Europe and the Christian world. Among the princes

In his eyes, the status of the proclaimed emperor will be greatly strengthened, which will be very beneficial to Charles in quelling riots in various places.

However, after proclaiming himself emperor, Charlemagne did not achieve a turnaround in this war. The war in the east was still in a stalemate, and he only achieved some small victories in some small-scale wars in Spain. After 803, for the Avars,

The situation took a turn for the worse because the Bulgarian Khan who had just come to power launched an attack on them from the east. Bulgaria is a relative of the Avars. In front of their relatives, the Bulgarians are even more fierce and have no regard for human kindness. The Avars are not theirs.

Opponent. The next year, the Avars regime in the middle reaches of the Danube River completely collapsed. The Bulgarian army continued to advance, but there were still many Avars who were unwilling to accept Bulgarian rule, and they surrendered to the Frankish Kingdom again. In other words, so far, the original

The territory of the Amur Kingdom was divided between Bulgarians and France. In 805, the last generation of Avar Khan and his men went to Aachen. They were baptized. Charlemagne personally served as their godfather and gave Rouran Khan a name.

A Christian name, called Abraham. In the Bible, Abraham was the first person to start worshiping God after the collapse of the Tower of Babel. Because of this, Charlemagne named Avar Khan Abraham.

sweat.

Later, Charlemagne established the Avarian Khanate on the territory of the original Avars, and it was still ruled by Abraham Khan. In the past, tribute was paid to France every year. In 811 AD, the French army attacked the Slavs.

Another complete victory was achieved. Abraham was invited by France to attend a banquet in Aachen, and then she disappeared from history. The Avalian Khanate was also subsequently banned and changed to the Avalian Khanate managed by French officials.

Waria County. Charlemagne died in 814 AD. His funeral was extremely luxurious, and there were a large number of exquisite burial objects, all of which were items looted when he attacked the Avars. After Louis the Pious succeeded to the throne,

In 828 AD, the county of Avaria and several remaining Avar noble territories were abolished. Ah, they were merged into the newly established East Mark, which was the predecessor of Austria. From then on, the name Avar no longer appeared.

In the historical books, they were slowly and completely forgotten by Europeans. The Avars were once a powerful and proud nation, but they were severely punished for offending God. The entire nation was extinct, and no one survived. This is

According to a passage recorded in Russian historical materials, they still believe that the Avar people left neither descendants nor legacy. But in fact, only Westerners know best whether the Avars left descendants and legacy.

byzantine empire, administrative system

The early Byzantine Empire adopted an administrative system similar to that of the Roman Empire, establishing a Senate, consuls and regional governors. As time went by, senators and consuls gradually became honorary titles.

The administrative body of the Byzantine emperor was the Imperial Council, whose members included the deacons (Μαγίσυροζτωνοφφικίωζ), regional governors, army commanders, ministers of justice and the mayor of Constantinople. The deacons were the most important senior officials in the empire, and their powers included

Command the imperial army, inspect troops, supervise officials at all levels, issue official documents, host diplomatic activities, conclude treaties, participate in the trial of major cases, and be in charge of internal and external affairs of the palace and other important responsibilities. The selection of deacons is not based on birth and rank, but on the basis of

They were selected based on their actual ability, proficiency and loyalty to the emperor, and were directly appointed by the emperor. After the 7th century, the deacons gradually became a vacant position.

The Byzantine Empire divided the country into several regions according to the administrative system of ancient Rome, and each region included several provinces in the Roman era. The early Byzantine Empire established four regions, namely the Eastern Region (Constantinople),

Illyria (Salonika), Italy (Ravenna) and Africa (Carthage). The regional governor is the emperor's plenipotentiary representative and exercises administrative and judicial powers. Due to the power of the regional governor

Therefore, successive emperors since Constantine I gradually reduced their power and assigned some powers to provincial governors. In the first half of the 7th century, the post of regional governor was abolished. The Byzantine Empire played an important role in important provinces and strategic

Important areas also established local governors directly under the central government of the empire.

The Mayor of Constantinople (Επαρχοζτηζπολεωζ) is also a senior official, with a status second only to the deacon. His responsibilities are similar to those of regional governors in other places. He is in charge of the administrative and judicial power of the capital, is responsible for public security, and has certain powers.

Military command authority.

The national gold mines, silver mines, mints, and treasury of the Byzantine Empire were controlled by the Grand Treasurer (Μεγ??Λογοθ?τη?). The Grand Treasurer had 10 departments under his jurisdiction, including the Church Affairs Department, the Military Pay Department, and the Post Office Department.

Mint Department, Annual Revenue Statistics Department, Regional Financial Affairs Department, Mining Department, Ordnance Department, Factory Department, Emperor's Clothing Department. The royal finances (including royal lands) are controlled by the Royal Private Property Officer, and the regional governor controls the local treasury.

judicial system

Byzantine law belonged to the Roman legal system. The Chancellor of Justice (Κναιστωρ) was established by Constantine I. He was initially equivalent to the emperor's legal secretary, drafting laws and decrees for the emperor, and became the supreme judge after the 6th century.

Byzantine judges must receive more than 5 years of specialized legal education, fully master Roman civil law, pass strict national examinations, and receive qualification certificates before they can engage in judicial work. Early judges were also in charge of commercial arbitration, taxation, administration and other businesses.

The judicial reforms implemented by Stinian I required the professionalization of judges and distinguished judges from legislators. The deacons, regional governors and mayors of Constantinople held a higher level of legal arbitration power than judges.

The Byzantine emperor always held the highest legislative and judicial power.

Roman law was perfected during the period of Justinian I (reigned 527-565). He was deeply affected by the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and actively reformed internal affairs. In the second year after he ascended the throne, he commissioned a special committee to organize

, compiling the empire’s encyclopedia of laws.

During Justinian's lifetime, he completed a total of four legal compilations. They are the "Justinian Code", "Justinian Jurisprudence", "Justinian Doctrine Compilation" and "Justinian's New Edict"

.These four laws are collectively called the "Justinian Code of Civil Law", also known as the Justinian Code.

The promulgation of Justinian's Code marked the development of Roman law to a complete stage. It retained the creative achievements of Roman law in jurisprudence, and provided legal means for regulating people's behavior and regulating complex social contradictions. It has great influence on the capital of later generations.

The legal formulation of socialist countries has served as a blueprint.

Overall, apart from the religious influence and the legal system inherited from Rome, the system of the Byzantine Empire was more inclined to be similar to the centralized monarchy of ancient China, but was significantly different from the feudal system of Western Europe.

economy

The largest territorial area controlled by the Byzantine Empire was 3.56 million square kilometers (during the period of Justinian I), and its peak population was 34 million (4th century AD). The empire's economy was based on agriculture and had developed commerce.

and handicraft industry. In the early centuries of the Middle Ages, Byzantium had been the most economically developed country in Europe. Its currency, Solidus, had long been the international currency in Europe and West Asia.

Although the gold mines of Armenia and the rich silver mines of the Balkans provided Byzantium with a source of precious metals, the Byzantine Empire's main income came from customs duties and trade taxes levied on commercial trade (in addition to transit taxes, city entry taxes, and real estate transfer taxes)

and other names). The Byzantine capital Constantinople (Istanbul) is located at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It has been a gathering place for merchant ships from all over the world since ancient times. It is also the end point of the Silk Road. The developed international entrepot trade has brought great benefits to local residents.

Huge wealth came with it. Cities such as Thessaloniki, Trabzon, Antioch and Alexandria were also important trading ports of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium’s imported materials mainly included silk, furs, slaves, grain, precious wood, and aromatic materials.

, dyes, ivory, gems, exotic animals and other luxury goods, and exported materials include glass, mosaics, high-grade silk fabrics and brocades, weapons, wine, gold and silver coins, jewelry and handicrafts. Byzantine currency remained stable for a long time

Status. 1 pound of gold is minted into 72 gold coins called "Nomismata". One Nomismata is equal to 12 silver coins, and 1 silver coin is equal to 12 copper coins. A worker works 280 days a year.

Earning an annual salary of approximately 25 nomis matas is sufficient to maintain food and clothing.

After the 7th century AD, Byzantium's international trade was affected by wars with Persia and Arabia. The traditional trade routes through the Persian Gulf and Syria were interrupted, forcing Byzantium to open up sea trade through the Red Sea into the ancient Indian Ocean and through the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Aral Sea and

By the 9th century, Byzantine international trade reached its peak.

In the 11th century, the Turks captured Asia Minor, and Byzantium gradually lost its commercial stronghold along the Black Sea coast. At the same time, due to the rise of Venice and competition from Genoese and Catalan merchants, Byzantine business began to decline. The Normans
To be continued...