Chapter 7 Betrayal of the Ming Dynasty

I heard the sound of wild geese at the head of the white grassland, and the horses' hooves were light in the yellow sand moraine. I raised my head and suddenly saw the moon in the border city. I held my silk whip upside down and refused to move.

In 1450 AD, Li Manzhu, who originally had such a good relationship with the Ming Dynasty, actually used force against the Ming Dynasty under the coercion and inducement of the Mongolian Oara. He led his army to attack Kaiyuan, Shenyang, Fushun and other places. Although he later took over the Ming Dynasty However, the Ming Dynasty had lost trust in Li Manzhu. Li Manzhu had not yet realized the potential crisis he was facing. At this time, North Korea was changing its king. At that time, Li Manzhu shamelessly had close contacts with the North Korean government, which further aroused the dissatisfaction of the Ming Dynasty. Among them, the Ming Dynasty government warned the North Korean government that Li Manzhu had always been at odds with North Korea, and now he suddenly shows his kindness to you. There must be some of them. He must be trying to find out your lies, and then draw other enemies to attack you. This is really a disaster for you. The Ming Dynasty asked North Korea to cut off all contacts with Li Manzhu, and asked Li Manzhu to return the prisoners he had previously captured. All the people. Under the strict request of the court, Li Manzhu sent 320 people to replace him, but Li Manzhu no longer hoped that the Ming Dynasty would trust him again. In 1456 AD, the Ming Dynasty ordered Li Manzhu to Li Gunaha, the son of Zhu, took over his father's position and warned Li Gunaha that since your father and grandfather, you have been treated favorably by the Ming Dynasty for generations. If you keep your territory and do not have fornication with North Korea without authorization, Why is this so? Now I specially send someone to warn you, hoping that you can take it as a warning, correct it if you don't, and encourage you. Unfortunately, Ligunaha did not take the Ming Dynasty's words to heart, but instead often violated the Ming Dynasty's borders. Dong Shan of the Jianzhou Left Guard Division is getting closer and closer.

As mentioned earlier, after the death of Timur, the Jianzhou Zuowei tribe dispersed and was left without a leader. The Zuowei also fell into internal disputes. Some people supported Agu's adopted son Lao Huchi, while others were willing to follow Fan. Cha. In 1434, Fancha went to Beijing to report the details of the Omu River Incident to Emperor Xuande. The emperor believed that Fancha had made military exploits, so he continued to accept his official position as the commander of the Jianzhou left guard after his brother. Not long after, with the support of Mao Lianwei, Dong Shan, the youngest son of Meng brother Timur, was redeemed from the plundered tribe. Fancha also asked the court to deal with the murder of his brother, and the court sent people to condemn Yang. Mu Dawu betrayed the imperial court, but did not order an army to attack. This was because Taizu of the Ming Dynasty had left a message that border areas could only be defended and could not be easily attacked. Therefore, although Fancha hoped that the imperial court would send troops to avenge his brother, The Ming Dynasty only issued an edict to blame Yang Mu Dawu, but did not send troops, hoping that he could change his ways. After the orthodox emperor succeeded to the throne, he was even more indulgent towards Yang Mu Dawu, and even sent people to tell Yang Mu Dawu that bygones were bygones. He also made his younger brother an official. These actions of the Ming Dynasty government may have laid the groundwork for subsequent leaders of various ministries in Jianzhou to be hostile to the imperial court.

In 1435 AD, Dong Shan and Fancha wanted to move to Liaodong and live with Li Man on the pretext that it was difficult to live in Amuhe. The Ming Dynasty asked Dong Shan to be the deputy of his uncle Fancha. Soon Dong Shan entered the court, and the Ming Dynasty The government told Fancha that it was up to you to do whatever you wanted to do with your relocation, and then told Li Manzhu about it. Li Manzhu and Fancha were brothers-in-law, and Timur, Meng's brother, was Li Manzhu's uncle. , Dong Shan was Li Manzhu’s cousin. Therefore, after Li Manzhu received the notice from the Ming Dynasty, he quickly sent people to pick up Fancha and Dong Shan. In 1440, Fancha and Dong Shan led Jianzhou Zuo Weisan More than a hundred families of soldiers and civilians, accounting for one-third of the total population of Jianzhou Zuowei, moved to the present Hunjiang River and Xisuzi River in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province, and lived together with Li Man. The two tribes combined have a thousand There are about 400 households, and the rest of the Jianzhou Jurchens still stay in the distance. The Zuowei remnants and the six blood clan groups who stayed in the Amuhe hometown at that time were basically integrated into the Korean people.

In 1441 AD, Dong Shan was awarded an official position by the Ming Dynasty. The next year, with the support of some people, Dong Shan competed with his uncle Fancha for the leadership of the Jianzhou Zuowei. The uncle and nephew were in the same boat. In fact,

Before Dong Shan was redeemed, mengge Timur's direct descendants, represented by Agu's adopted son Lao Huchi, opposed Fancha's leadership of the left guard. Later, because the Ming Dynasty granted Fancha the seal

, granted official positions, temporarily calming down the fighting. After Dong Shan came back, the fighting started again. Most people turned their hearts to Dong Shan, and only a few people chose to support Fancha. Moreover, Dong Shan had the original Jianzhou Zuowei seal in his hand, and he

He wanted to rely on this to control the left guard alone. The imperial court was in favor of Fancha and wanted Fancha to take charge of the left guard, so he ordered Dong Shan to hand over the old seal. After this order was issued, Dong Shan refused to hand over the big seal.

The Ming court had no choice but to order Jianzhou Zuowei to continue to let Fancha control the Zuowei, and asked them to hand over the new seal and let Fancha use the old seal. However, these two people did not take the Ming Dynasty's advice at all.

Here, they continued to fight openly and secretly, and the relationship became increasingly tense. The Ming Dynasty also knew that this matter was very difficult, so it sent people to investigate the Jurchens. The people who came back reported that most of the Jianzhou left guards were leaning towards Dong Shan. So the court

The Jianzhou left guard was divided into two, so later there were Jianzhou left guard and Jianzhou right guard. Dong Shan used the old seal and lived by the Donggu River. Fancha commanded the Jianzhou right guard and lived by the Santu River.

, so far, the three guards of Jianzhou have been formed.

Li Manzhu married Agu's widow, and Dong Shan married Li Manzhu's daughter. In 1451 AD, Fancha died, and his grandson Naliangha inherited his official position. After Dong Shan took charge of Zuowei, he

At first, he performed his duties conscientiously, often bringing people to the capital to pay tribute, and reporting all major and minor matters to the court in a timely manner. In 1458 AD, the Ming court promoted Dong Shan to the right governor. By now, Dong Shan had become the highest official among the three guards of Jianzhou, and he was the most powerful.

The strongest person. At that time, Li Manzhu of the Jianzhou Guard was old, and he passed the position to his son Gunaha. But Gunaha's ability was far inferior to that of his father, so the power of the Jianzhou Guard

Gradually weakened. Naliangha, the right guard of Jianzhou, also made no achievements. Under this situation, Dong Shan took the opportunity to control the third guard of Jianzhou and became the chief leader of Jianzhou Jurchens, living in Feala City. Dong Shan was able to

In addition to relying on his father's reputation in those days, Dong Shan controlled the Jurchens in Jianzhou mainly because he was resourceful, young and promising. In 20 years, Dong Shan relied entirely on his own efforts to achieve a prominent position, and he also fought for the greatest benefits for the Jurchens.

Interests. In 1464 AD, after obtaining permission from the imperial court, Dong Shan opened a horse market at Fushun Pass, 30 miles east of the current Fushun City. The establishment of horse markets in the Jurchen region has a long history. In 1405 AD, someone requested the imperial court to open a horse market.

Considering the long distances, Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, only allowed the establishment of horse markets in Guangning and Kaiyuan. The Guangning horse market mainly received Duoyan and other Sanwei Mongolians, and the Kaiyuan horse market mainly received the Haixi Jurchens. In Wanli,

During the years, several horse markets were added.

The purpose of establishing the horse market was to facilitate the Jurchens and the Han people in the mainland to exchange and trade. At that time, the Jurchens were in a backward agricultural economy era such as farming, fishing, hunting, and gathering. Most of the production materials and daily necessities they needed relied on the mainland.

Supply. The imperial court was not short of horses and cattle. The reason why it opened trade with them was to meet their basic living needs. Among the horse markets in Liaodong, Fushun Horse Market specialized in trading with Jurchens in Jianzhou. In order to prevent the Jurchens from being fake, the Ming Dynasty

Borrowed trade, spying on military affairs, caused cholera, so the Fushun Horse Market was deliberately located outside Fushun Pass. According to records, there was a Fuyi Hall in the Fushun Horse Market, which was specially used to entertain the Jurchen leaders who came to trade. At the beginning, Ming Ming

According to the regulations of the DPRK, when the horse market opens, you must pay a tax of 5 cents. A horse is worth 5 cents of silver, a gelding is 6 cents of silver, a mule is 4 cents of silver, a pound of ginseng is 5 cents of silver, and a pound of pine nuts is worth 5 cents of silver.

Three points, fungus and ten pounds of silver... According to records, at the horse market, the Jurchens exchanged horses, skins, mountain products, wild fruits, etc. for cattle, iron farm tools, grain, salt, cotton, cloth, etc. This pair

The supply of daily necessities for the Jurchens was very necessary, and the use of iron farm tools also improved the Jurchens' production level. Slowly, the horse market gradually changed from official control to a private trade market, and became increasingly prosperous. According to "Ming Dynasty"

Records of King Sejong records that the number of people from various ethnic groups in the Northeast who came to participate in trade each time sometimes even reached tens of thousands or tens of thousands, and at most nearly 100,000. This shows the prosperity of the horse market at that time. An article in "Quan Liao Chronicle"

The poem describes the prosperity of the horse market like this:

Loads of bundles were being pushed and rolled over and over again, and the sound of the wheel was as loud as the wind. Women with beards and beards were also helping people, dressed in different clothes, and everyone was shocked. The imperial court had the old rules for treating barbarians, and an official shop was opened twenty miles away from the city. Barbarian goods were imported into China.

Sui, translated as Xian Tong Zuo Xing Dian. When Hua gets foreign goods, they will breed more, and when Barbarians get Chinese goods, they will be happy and disobedient.

The establishment of Fushun Ma City has strengthened the political, economic and cultural exchanges between Jianzhou Sanwei and the Central Plains. During the era of Mengge Timur, trade between Jianzhou and the Central Plains could only be carried out in the distant Kaiyuan or Huining of North Korea.

, and now the trade distance between Jianzhou and the Ming Dynasty has been greatly shortened. In addition, because Dong Shan paid tribute and mutual trade, the Jianzhou tribe's economy prospered and its productivity was greatly improved, which was of great significance to the rise of the Manchus in the 17th century. Japanese historian Inaba Junzan commented on this

Commented: "Without Fushun Ma City, the state will not be developed."

After Dong Shan took over the power of the Jurchen Three Guards in Jianzhou, his ambitions grew. In order to challenge the Ming Dynasty, he gradually began to move closer to North Korea. In 1459 AD, the Ming court asked the King of North Korea about North Korea and Dong Shan and others.

The North Korean emperor defended himself for the private relationship. The court also sent people to blame Dong Shan and warned them not to have private contacts with North Korea. Because Naryangha performed better in communicating with North Koreans, the Ming Dynasty

He was specially commended and promoted to the right governor. On the one hand, Dong Shan catered to the Ming Dynasty and made huge profits by paying tribute to the Ming Dynasty. On the other hand, he still insisted on communicating with North Korea. In 1465 AD, Dong Shan accepted the official title granted by North Korea.

Several tribes invaded the borders of the Ming Dynasty, and there were as many as 97 invasions in one year. Historical records show that over 600 miles from Kaiyuan to Liaoyang, more than tens of thousands of homes were invaded and destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people were plundered.

Under such circumstances, the Ming court still abided by the ancestral precepts and still did not send troops to annihilate it. It still sent people to enlighten Dong Shan many times. Dong Shan saw the cowardice of the Ming Dynasty more and more, and did not put the Ming Dynasty in any situation.

In eyes.

Dong Shan and other Jurchen tribes repeatedly invaded the borders of the Ming Dynasty. On the one hand, it shows that the Ming Dynasty's government became increasingly corrupt and border defenses were lax during the Zhengtong years. On the other hand, it was due to the rise of the Mongol Wara Yexian in the late Zhengtong years. Yexian sent out four armies to threaten Beijing, and

Li Manzhu, Dong Shan and others also attached themselves to Yexian one after another. They colluded with each other and looted Liaodong wantonly. After the Yexian rebellion subsided, many leaders of Haixi, Jianzhou and other guards were killed, and most of the edicts of each ministry were lost, causing their tribes to lose their lives.

There was no certificate when paying tribute, so they had to go as sacrificers, and the rewards and other treatment they received were greatly reduced. This made the leaders of the Jurchen tribes feel a certain degree of resentment towards the Ming Dynasty, and Dong Shan took advantage of this feeling.

As mentioned before, when a few tribes came to pay tribute, the Ming Dynasty had too many members in the envoys. Therefore, the Ming Dynasty ordered that only Jianzhou and Maolian could pay tribute with a hundred people. This move also caused dissatisfaction among the Jurchen tribes.

In the second year of Hua, that is, 1466 AD, the Ministry of Rites of the Ming Dynasty stipulated that the Jurchens who came to pay tribute must bring a sturdy horse and 30 pure black mink skins, otherwise they were not allowed to pay tribute. In addition, Dong Shan secretly

The friendship between Jianzhou and the Ming Dynasty made the relationship between Jianzhou and the Ming Dynasty even more tense. In April 1467, the Ming Dynasty sent people to recruit Jurchen leaders in Jianzhou to pay tribute. Dong Shan and other leaders obeyed the Ming Dynasty's arrangements and brought horses and marten with them.

Pi came to the capital. Zhu Jianshen, Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty, personally summoned them and reprimanded them on the spot, saying, "You are selling the Ming Dynasty queen on behalf of the Ming Dynasty. Well, if you don't guard the border for us properly, you have repeatedly made trouble. When has the imperial court ever treated you badly? How could you?"

You are entangled with outsiders who invaded the border and plundered people and animals. According to the criminal law, you cannot be forgiven, but because you have sincerely confessed your guilt and come here, I will forgive you. From now on, you must mend your ways, strictly manage your subordinates, and respect the court.

, no more evil is allowed, and the plundered population must be returned immediately. If you don't repent after this time, the court will mobilize an army to investigate the crime, and by then it will be too late for you to regret it.

The Jianzhou Jurchens all kowtowed to apologize, and the Ming Dynasty hosted a banquet for them as usual. Dong Shan was not afraid at all and was not punished. Instead, he became more unscrupulous and refused to be polite in front of the Ming Dynasty officials. Even his subordinates did the same and were eating the banquet.

Zhu Jianshen publicly cursed them when they were there. Zhu Jianshen still did not punish them, but still rewarded them. Dong Shan also made many unreasonable demands, and Zhu Jianshen agreed to them. Later, when everyone asked to resign and return, Dong Shan threatened in public that he would join forces after returning.

Hai Xinyan people looted the border. After Zhu Jianshen heard about it, he severely reprimanded them again. It can be seen that the emperor of the Ming Dynasty was stupid. Dong Shan still went his own way. At that time, some senior officials of the Ming Dynasty saw that Dong Shan and others were so rude, so they just

The dozen family members he brought were released, and Dong Shan and 115 others were escorted to Guangning. The Ming Dynasty officials once again announced the edict to Dong Shan and others. Before the announcement was completed, Dong Shan and others cursed and took out

The knife came and wanted to assassinate the Ming Dynasty officials. The Ming Dynasty officials panicked and asked the soldiers to arrest everyone. More than 100 Jurchens serving in Guangning also participated in the rebellion. They killed many soldiers and the two sides fought in a melee. The rebels

26 Jurchens were killed by Ming Dynasty officers and soldiers, and the remaining 190 were captured. Dong Shan and others were imprisoned. This incident caused an uproar among the Ming Dynasty. In order to punish the Jianzhou Jurchens, Chenghua 3

On September 24th, the Ming Dynasty dispatched 29,000 troops, divided into three groups, out of Fushun Pass to attack the Three Guards of Jianzhou. At the same time, North Korea also sent troops to assist the Ming Army. Soon, the Ming Army successively reached the old camp of Dongshan

Feala City. After three days of killing in this area, a total of 638 Jurchens were killed, 94 were captured alive, and 131 were captured. The rest of the Jurchens fled into the mountains and forests.

North Korea also dispatched troops very quickly, and soon captured Umi Prefecture. Because the various departments of Jianzhou were scattered and unprepared, 386 Jurchens including Li Manzhu, the leader of Jianzhou Guards, and his son Gunaha were captured and executed by the North Korean army.

The North Korean army obtained more than 200 cattle, horses and other livestock, and burned 217 houses and courtyards. Historical records record that during this dispatch of troops to the Jurchens, all the young and middle-aged men were killed, and the old and children were captured, as if the land collapsed and the fire destroyed them.

The Jurchens quickly disintegrated. The houses were empty and all the money was looted. This war was a devastating blow to the Jurchens in Jianzhou. After a month of massacre, more than 1,000 Jurchens were killed in Jianzhou and confiscated

Almost all the Jurchens’ cattle, horses and other domestic animals were taken away.

After this war, the Ming Dynasty executed Dong Shan. His younger brother and hundreds of brave men were sent to Fujian and other provinces, so that they could never return to their hometown. The Ming Dynasty called this war Liting Sweeping Cave, because

This incident happened in the year of Dinghai, so it is also called the Battle of Chenghua and Dinghai.

This section introduces the sixth emperor of the Jin Kingdom-Jin Zhangzong.

Jin Zhangzong (Madage) was the sixth emperor of the Jin Dynasty (reigned from January 20, 1189 to December 29, 1208). He was the direct grandson of Wanyan Yong, Jin Shizong, and the person with the highest cultural level in the Jin Dynasty.

, was born on August 31, 1168 (the twenty-seventh day of the seventh lunar month). At that time, the Jin Dynasty had been established for more than seventy years. "The rituals, music, punishments, and government were chaotic and inconsistent due to the old systems of the Liao and Song Dynasties. When Zhang Zong came to the throne, they were revised and revised."

, is the law of a generation." The politics of Zhangzong's period was still relatively clear, and later generations called it the rule of Mingchang. During Zhangzong's period, the domestic cultural development reached its highest peak. He not only rewarded the domestic cultural development, but he was also able to write well

The word "hao" is similar to the "thin gold body" of Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty. But at the same time, the military capability has become increasingly low, causing the vassal states to divorce one after another and attracting invasion from neighboring countries. The Jin Dynasty has become increasingly decadent and declining. In addition, various natural disasters such as the flooding of the Yellow River have

They appeared one after another, causing the national power to begin to decline. The rise of Mongolia in the later period of his reign became a hidden danger for the collapse of the Jin Kingdom in the future. On December 29, the eighth year of Taihe (1208), Jin Zhangzong died.

Jin Zhangzong Wanyan Jing was born on Bingxu day in the seventh month of the eighth year of Dading (1168). His nickname was Madage, so named because he was born in Madage Mountain, Jinlian River. He was the grandson of Jin Shizong Wanyanyong and the son of Jin Xianzong Wanyan Yungong.

, his mother, Queen Xiaoyi, was a disciple of Shan.

In the eighteenth year of Dading (1178), Wanyan Jing was granted the title of King of Jinyuan County, and began to study Jurchen small script and Chinese script scriptures, with Jinshi Wanyan Kuang, Jingshi Xu Xiaomei and others as his attendants. In the twenty-fifth year of Dading

(1185) When his father Wanyan Yungong passed away, he was granted the title of King of Yuan and judged the affairs of Daxing Prefecture. The following year, he paid homage to the right prime minister of Shangshu and was established as the emperor's grandson.

On the Guisi day of the first month of the twenty-ninth year of Dading (1189), Jin Shizong passed away. Wanyan Jing succeeded to the throne in front of the coffin on the same day. The following year, the reign name was changed to Mingchang.

Jin Zhangzong grew up during the "Dading Dynasty" when King Sejong was in power. He was deeply influenced by his grandfather's literary, Taoist and military strategies since he was a child, and he also had a thorough understanding of Confucian culture. After he ascended the throne, while continuing his grandfather's "benevolent governance", he tried his best to imitate his example.

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty rejected the comprehensive Chinese reform of the old system of his own people and no longer followed the Shizong's retroism. He constantly improved various political and economic systems and realized the complete feudalization of the Jurchen people.

In February of the 29th year of Dading (1189), Wanyan Jing had just ascended the throne and solved the historical problem of slaves in the Jin Dynasty, also known as "two tax households". These slaves had to pay taxes to the country and rent to the temples.

, with the lowest status. With the development of feudalism, the existence of slavery has become a serious obstacle to the development of production. Through Wanyanjing's efforts, the vast majority of slaves have become civilians.

Wanyan Jing was smart and studious, and had the same style as his father. He loved literature and advocated elegance. Therefore, there were an endless stream of celebrities. Most of the ministers in power had literary talents and valuable knowledge. All capable officials and upright ministers were appointed, and his politics were clear and clear.

, Wenzhi is brilliant.

Wanyanjing inherited the heyday of Dading, strengthened the reform of the official system, and established many new institutions to adapt to the situation and needs. At the same time, Wanyanjing achieved great results in the construction of the legal system, which was instrumental in consolidating political power and stabilizing society.

It has played a great role in developing the economy and safeguarding the interests of the ruling class.

The feudalization of Jurchen society was finally completed. This was the most prosperous period of the Jin Dynasty. The economy was developed, the population increased, the treasury was abundant, the world was prosperous, and historians rated it as "well-off in Yunei".

The Jin Zhangzong period was the period with the largest population in the Jin Dynasty. In the sixth year of Mingchang (1206), the number of Khitan and Jurchen Han households was 7,223,400, with a population of 48,490,400, which was an increase of more than 1,623,700 households compared with the 27th year of Dading of Emperor Shizong (1187).

There are more than 8,827,000 people. The population was at its peak during the Taihe period, with a total population of more than 56 million.

In the later period of Wanyanjing's reign, floods, droughts and locust plagues occurred frequently in the Central Plains. The three major bursts of the Yellow River's banks made it a foregone conclusion that the river would move southward to divert the Huaihe River into the sea. At the same time, it also brought the economy of the Jin Dynasty to a standstill. This is because: on the one hand, farmers on both sides of the strait

Displaced, agriculture in the Central Plains was severely damaged, and the central government's finances and taxes were greatly affected. On the other hand, large-scale disaster relief and river control made the Jin Dynasty's finances even worse. In the year Zhang Zong came to the throne alone, more than 4.3 million yuan was spent on repairing the river embankments, and each labor

One hundred and fifty Wen, the daily official money is fifty Wen, and one and a half liters of rice.
To be continued...