Since the soldiers and civilians of Shazhou were forced to surrender to Tibet in 786, the people of Hexi have been under the rule of Tubo. The young and middle-aged have been reduced to slaves, farming and herding for the Tubo rulers; the elderly have also been treated inhumanely. The people of Hexi miss their return day and night. In the Tang Dynasty, people often kowtowed to their hometown facing the east. In the second year of Changqing (822), the Tang Dynasty envoy Liu Yuanding went on an envoy to Tibet and passed through Longzhi City. The people in the city kowtowed to the Tang envoy with tears and asked if the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty was well. Does the imperial court still care about these poor people without Fan? When will the magic soldiers of the Tang Dynasty arrive? Although they are people without Fan, they never forget that they are the people of the Tang Dynasty. They care about the Tang Dynasty all the time. I no longer miss returning to the Tang Dynasty. In this social background, Zhang Yichao was born.

Zhang Yichao (799-872) was born into a prominent family in the Dunhuang area. His father, Zhang Qianyi, once served as the governor of the Tubo government. Although he was born into a family of officials, he experienced Tubo's brutal rule in Dunhuang and knew the common people well. He was determined to serve his country since he was a child and regarded the famous Tang Dynasty general Feng Changqing as his idol. In 815, when he was only 17 years old, he wrote "Unknown Song" to express his lofty ambitions:

The world has been boiling for years, and people who have a thousand dollars of rice have lost track of it.

If you plant crops in Guo, you will get two fields, and the hardships will not pay the tithe tax.

The dancing girl is tired of wine and meat in front of the court, and she doesn't know that the people are sleeping hungry.

Don't you see, the walls outside the city are empty, the general is just carrying flowers and bamboos.

You look at the frightened place outside the city, and the taro flowers are like catkins in sections.

The petrel holds mud in its mouth and wants to make a nest, but it flies away when there is no one in the house.

At this time, a civil war broke out in Tubo, and the slaves took the opportunity to revolt, which also gave the people in the Hexi region new hope. In 848 AD, Zhang Yichao decided to unite several wealthy tribes in Dunhuang to launch an uprising. It was successful. After the uprising, Zhang Yichao put forward the slogan of expelling the Tibetan people back to the Tang Dynasty, and the people in Hexi immediately responded and expressed their determination to follow him to the death.

According to official historical records, the Tubo general was shocked by the overwhelming momentum of the people in Dunhuang and fled. Zhang Yichao immediately took over the affairs of Dunhuang in Shazhou. The fact is far from that simple. After Zhang Yichao led the people in Shazhou to revolt, they were immediately attacked The encirclement and suppression of the Tibetan army. Under the flexible command of Zhang Yichao, the rebel army finally broke through the heavy siege of the Tibetan army and fought a bloody road. During the uprising, more and more people participated in it, and the team gradually grew. He served as the Tubo army Hong Bian, a professor of law and photography in Shimendu, also led the monks to do their best to help the rebels. After an arduous struggle, Zhang Yichao finally led the people in the Hexi region to regain the sandbank that had been occupied by Tibet for nearly a century.

After recapturing the sandbank, Zhang Yichao immediately sent people to Chang'an to report the victory. In order to allow the messenger to reach Chang'an smoothly, he specially sent ten teams of messengers to take different roads to Chang'an. In order to pass various checkpoints smoothly, she A pair of envoys composed of monks were also arranged, claiming to the outside world that they were to promote Buddhism. In the end, only one of these ten teams reached the Tiande Army after going through many difficulties and dangers. With the assistance of Li Pi, the defense envoy of the Tiande Army , finally successfully sent the news to Chang'an City in 850 AD. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was extremely excited when he heard the news. He personally received the members of the mission and highly praised Zhang Yichao and the people of Shazhou for their righteous deeds. He accepted Zhang Yichao's order to defend Shazhou. Let him continue to regain lost ground.

After Zhang Yichao regained the sandbank, he appointed officials at all levels and actively organized the restoration of production. A vibrant scene appeared in the Hexi area. The civil strife in Tubo undoubtedly provided the Tang Dynasty with an opportunity to regain the lost land in Helong. After Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty succeeded to the throne

, began to pay attention to the recovery of the Hehuang area, and sent several waves of people to inspect the defense and spy on the military situation. Then he organized the generals in the northwest region to actively train soldiers, and were always ready to launch a war against Tibet. But Tang Wuzong always thought about immortality, and finally

He accidentally ate the golden elixir and was poisoned and died. This matter went unsolved.

After Tang Wuzong, Tang Xuanzong can be regarded as the first person to actually take action to recover the Hehuang area. Many powerful officials who previously advocated the recovery of the Hehuang area were denounced, so Tang Xuanzong now wants to recover this area.

It is also difficult for one person to push forward such a big thing. Therefore, this matter was delayed again and again, and it was not until 848 AD that action was taken. The specific matters of recovering the three states and seven passes were fully responsible for the prime minister Bai Minzhong.

, Qingshui County in Hehuang was the first lost territory to be recovered. At the end of 848, Fengxiang Jiedushi Cui Gong took advantage of the opportunity of the monks and maids to fight in Hezhou and regained Qingshui County in one fell swoop, which greatly encouraged the Tang Dynasty

The morale of the monarchs, ministers and border soldiers. In the second year, the Tang Dynasty regained Yuanzhou, Anlezhou, Qinzhou and 7 passes of Shimen, Muxia, Yizang, Zhisheng, Liupan, Shixia and Xiao. The emperor's feelings for the soul

Meng Tong was so excited about the recovery of the three states that he ordered the people to return to Han attire and was given 150,000 horses.

The people of Sanzhou and Qiguan are descendants of the Tang people who invaded Tibet. They took advantage of Cui Gong's recovery of Qingshui County and the war with Shang's maidservants to return to their homeland. Kang Jirong, the governor of Jingyuan Jiedu, learned of this situation and quickly reported it

At the imperial court, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered his servant Lu Dan to express condolences on behalf of the government. In order to prevent the Tibetan army from counterattack, he ordered the military towns of Jingyuan, Lingwu, Fengxiang, Yingning and Zhenwu to send troops to respond. In July, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty personally went to Yanxi, Chang'an.

The gate received thousands of soldiers and civilians from the three states and seven passes. In August, Fengxiang Jiedushi Li Bei regained Qinzhou, which meant that the Tang Dynasty's recovery of the three states and seven passes was finally completed. To this end, Tang Xuanzong promulgated the "

"Recover Hehuang Deyin": reward the soldiers of the four towns of Jingyuan, Lingwu, Fengxiang and Xinning who participated in the recovery war; encourage the people of Hehuang to farm with peace of mind and be exempted from rent and tax for five years; all the income from Wenchiyan's business is supplemented in the border areas

Local finance; double the food and clothing rations for border guards and exempt them from military service; strengthen the construction of road transportation in Hehuang, etc.; at the same time, it is required to recover the prefectures and counties in Shannan and Jiannan that are still occupied by Tibet as soon as possible according to the actual situation.

With the support and call of the supreme ruler, the recovery operation progressed quickly. In the second half of the year, the Tang Dynasty recovered three states in the southwest border area. Just when Tang Xuanzong began to recover the Hehuang Wetland, the Central Government

The ministers began to quarrel over this matter again. Zhou Chi, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty at that time, did not agree to recover the Hehuang area. The opposition represented by him believed that the time had not come yet and the country was not strong enough. If they were defeated, they would be laughed at by Tibet.

In response to these negative remarks, the main war faction represented by the Prime Minister Bai Minzhong put forward a strong rebuttal. He believed that Hehuang, the original land of the Tang Dynasty, had been lost to Tibet for hundreds of years, and the people of the Tang Dynasty were living in dire straits, waiting all the time.

In order to return to our homeland, can we bear to turn a blind eye? Bai Minzhong's impassioned speech resonated with Tang Xuanzong, making Tang Xuanzong determined to regain the Hehuang area. With the support of the emperor, the main war faction gained the upper hand, and Bai Minzhong personally took charge of regaining the Hehuang area.

The commander-in-chief of the Huang soldiers and horses took charge of the recovery of Hehuang. Driven by the main war faction, the lost land of Hehuang was finally restored to the Tang Dynasty. For this reason, the poet Du Mu wrote a congratulatory poem specifically for Bai Minzhong:

Let’s look at the good times in Lapo, and Wanshou Nanshan facing Weiyang.

Khan Xijia paid tribute, and Emperor Wensi returned to Hehuang.

You should patrol to the west every day, and don't use star arcs to shoot wolves in the north.

Ji Fucai's poems are flourishing, and his poem "Jiang Han" is the king of beauty.

At the same time, Zhang Yichao continued to fight against Tupu. By the fifth year of Dazhong (851), he had successively recovered Suzhou, Ganzhou, Yizhou and other areas. In order to let the Tang Dynasty understand the struggle of the people of Shazhou in time, this

In August of that year, he sent his brother Zhang Yitan, Li Mingda, Li Mingzhen and other 29 people to Chang'an to report the victory with maps of Sha, Yi, Xi, Gan, Su, Shan, He, Lan, Min, Kuo and other states. Tang Xuanzong saw the melon

, Illustrations of Shazhou Eleven Prefecture, I was so excited that I didn’t know how to express my inner joy. I immediately ordered to commend Zhang Yichao and others for their meritorious service. In November, he ordered Shazhou to establish the Guiyi Army and appointed Zhang Yichao as the Guiyi Army Day.

The Du envoy, the observation envoy of the eleven prefectures, commanded the military and administration of the eleven prefectures in Guasha.

Tubo has been attacked repeatedly by the rebel army, and now the remaining forces have to retreat to the Liangzhou area. Liangzhou is an important town in Hexi and is also very important to the Guiyi Army. In order to consolidate the newly established Guiyi Army regime and effectively control Helong

area, in 858 AD, Zhang Yichao decided to lead his troops to attack Liangzhou. Liangzhou could be said to be the last trump card in Tibet's desperate struggle. A large number of troops were stationed in the city. Zhang Yichao's army was attacked by the Liangzhou defenders at the beginning.

With strong resistance, Liangzhou City could not be attacked for a long time, and the two sides were in a stalemate. It took several years for the Guiyi Army to finally defeat the Tibetans in 861 AD and successfully regained Liangzhou.

After the recovery of Liangzhou, the Helong land that had been occupied by Tubo for nearly a hundred years has now returned to the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty arranged for Zhang Yichao to command the six states. From then on, the Hexi Corridor was unobstructed, and business trips from the Central Plains to the northwest continued.

Continuously.

Hexi has been in decline for more than a hundred years, and the roads are blocked by Xiaoguan and there are few messages from Yan.

General Lai De made his way back and became famous all over the world.

After the recovery of the Hexi area, the Tang Dynasty was unable to operate and could only manage it through tyranny. Under the leadership of Zhang Yichao, the Guiyi Army regime took a series of measures to re-establish the ruling order, actively develop production, and unite various groups within the territory.

The tribes developed and progressed together. Due to the large number of ethnic groups in the territory, he adapted measures to local conditions and restored the Tang system for the Han people, while the Tubo people left here were still ruled in the form of tribes. In order to better manage and rule, Zhang Yichao began to

The land within the territory was measured, and people were sent to re-check the household registration population. The land was redistributed, and a corresponding tax system was formulated. Because the political power established was mainly based on Han surnames, Han culture was still promoted culturally.

Although the Tibetan forces in this area have been expelled, the situation is still very serious. The Tibetans in the south have been waiting for opportunities, and the Uighurs are still watching in the north. In addition, some ethnic minorities scattered in the northwest often join forces with the Tibetans to harass the Hexi region. Tang Dynasty

North Korea only provided moral support and no substantive military assistance. Therefore, for the Guiyi Army regime, they could only remain vigilant and be careful. In order to protect the results of victory and consolidate the Guiyi Army regime, Zhang Yichao continued to lead his men

Start a fierce battle with the enemy.

Tubo never gave up on occupying Hexi again. After a period of rest, Tubo gathered the remaining forces and other tribes scattered in Hexi and prepared to attack Shazhou again. Zhang Yichao had already sent people to keep an eye on these forces.

After Zhang Yichao got the news, he immediately began to mobilize his troops. The Tuyuhun army came first, and the two sides fought. The Tubo army was defeated. The Guiyi army took advantage of the victory and pursued it, capturing more than 300 enemies. The Guiyi army returned triumphantly.

In 856 AD, Zhang Yichao personally led an army to attack the Tubo and Uighurs in the territory. Because they were unprepared for the arrival of the Guiyi Army, they were beaten to a pulp by the Guiyi Army in a hurry. The Guiyi Army captured more than 10,000 livestock. After

In these major battles, the Guiyi Army basically eliminated the surrounding dangers. Under the leadership of the Guiyi Army regime in Hexi, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. Everyone was very grateful to Zhang Yichao for his great contribution to the northwest frontier.

In 867 AD, Zhang Yitan, who was a hostage in Chang'an, died. In order to express his loyalty to the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yichao, who was almost 70 years old, handed over the large group of Guiyi troops to Zhang Huaishen, Zhang Yitan's son, and left Shazhou where he had been operating for many years.

Heading to Chang'an. Zhang Yichao's move completely eliminated the Tang Dynasty's suspicion of him. Tang Yizong named him the Right Shenwu Commander, promoted him to Situ, gave him a fertile farmland and a mansion last time, and allowed him to stay in the capital to live out his life.

In 872 AD, Zhang Yichao passed away, ending his vigorous life.

The power of the Guiyi Army gradually faded, and the Hexi region became the focus of multi-ethnic competition.

Life insights: Many times, some shortcomings that we are shy about showing to others become the biggest bottleneck on our road to success. In fact, the so-called shortcomings are all in our hearts. If we think that they are insurmountable, it will naturally be difficult to overcome them. Everyone will have them

Shortcomings and shortcomings, if we can let go of the burden of our hearts, those shortcomings will not become our obstacles, but may actually become our achievements.

Anyone can be a person who hides his or her "lost teeth", but what people don't know is that hiding it attracts more attention from others. As long as we don't care about it, these shortcomings will not become obstacles that constrain us.

If we always pay attention to our shortcomings in the process of action, it will only affect the quality of our actions. Because this kind of negative self-suggestion becomes an obstacle on the way to action. If you forget your shortcomings, you should not fall into the trap of self-suggestion and let go.

Taking action often has better results.

An American writer once said: Time is not allowed to be wasted. We must improve efficiency and live as if we are going to die tomorrow. Although this sounds a bit scary, it truly warns us that if we put appropriate pressure on ourselves, we can make it better.

Our lives have changed dramatically.

Legend has it that there are only two animals in the world that can reach the top of the pyramid, one is the eagle, and the other is the snail. I have never associated eagles and snails together in the past. They are so different. The eagle has a pair of flying

wings; the snail carries a thick shell on its back. Unlike the eagle, the snail reaches the top of the pyramid with its never-ending persistence and its thick shell.

Sometimes giving yourself baggage is to prevent yourself from having bigger baggage. Because if you give yourself appropriate pressure, you won't let the pressure overwhelm you.

Kunlun Snow Peak sees me off, and Tanggu Snow Peak greets me with a smile. Tanggu Snow Peak sees me off again, and Xujiao Snow Peak comes to welcome me again. For seven days and seven nights, snow peaks accompany me, and there is no bitter wind and sand, and the joy is crystal clear. I raise a glass of wine to congratulate each other lightly.

The car has passed the top floor. Tomorrow we will meet relatives and friends in Lhasa, and the Chinese and Tibetan families will say farewell.

Wang Jian's trip to Liangzhou, this poem vividly describes the mutual influence of Han and Tibetan cultures.

To the west of Liangzhou, there is no one from the Han family to open the old road. In Biantouzhou County, all the barbarian soldiers are there, and the generals don't build a defensive Qiucheng. All the people recruited from thousands of miles away are gone, and they are sent to Xijing every year on the feast day. Many women come to China to recruit women, and half of them are born.

The men learned Chinese. In the old days, the Tibetan people did not cultivate plows, so they learned from physiognomy as if they were ordered to grow grains and millet. They also wore brocade as clothing when driving sheep, cherishing felt and fur to prevent fighting. Raising silkworms and weaving cocoons into pieces of silk, they would make a family around the tent.

Flag. The rooster crows on the mountain in the city, and Hu music is passed down from family to family in Luoyang.

During the nearly 100 years since Helong fell into the Tubo until Zhang Yichao expelled the Tubo and rejoined the Tang Dynasty, the Tubo forcefully implemented an assimilation policy in this area, so the traces of Tubo culture in the Helong area are very obvious.

Regarding the legacy of Tuboization, the most obvious one is that when the Tubos occupied Dunhuang, at the beginning, Shangqixin'er forcibly implemented the Tubohua policy and required the people in the Hehuang area to change their clothes. They all wore Tubo clothes and spoke the Tubo language.

The face must also be ocher like the Tubo people. The intention of these policies of the Tubo people is very obvious, which is to integrate all the Han people in these areas into the Tubo rule.

With the expansion of the area occupied by Tubo, the Tubo Hua policy has gradually been implemented in the Shazhou area. Even so, the Han people still never forget that they are from the Tang Dynasty. Whenever they worship their ancestors, they will take out their treasured Hanfu,

Bow to the east and put on Tubo clothes again after the sacrificial ceremony is completed. Although they have maintained the Tubo living habits in accordance with the requirements of the Tubo rulers, the old people still always remind their descendants not to forget that they are the people of the Tang Dynasty.

, and secretly taught them Chinese. After the death of an older generation, his descendants would wear Han clothes for him in mourning, and hope that his soul could return to the Tang Dynasty. Regarding this matter, the famous poet Yuan Zhen of the Tang Dynasty said:

The poem is proof. "Looking through the east sun and looking at Yao's clouds, I am combing my Han hair with my broken heart. In recent years, those who miss Han so much are half old and sick, and half buried in their bones. They still teach their descendants to learn the local accent, and they still talk about the good city in peacetime. The old and the young are the most suave.

He is strong and grows up in a Fan like a Fan. I don’t know that my father and ancestors are all Han people, so I am afraid that I will become a fan’s heart.”

After the Tubo occupied the Hexi Corridor, the Han and Tubo people lived together for a long time and influenced each other in their living habits. In the murals of the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, there is a picture of Zhang Yichao's army traveling, which can be seen from this picture

, even after the Guiyi Army regime was established, they still retained some of the costumes and customs of the Tubo people.

During the period when Tubo ruled Helong, the official text was ancient Tibetan. Therefore, throughout the early period of the Guiyi Army regime, Tibetan was used to write official documents. Later, a Tibetan-Chinese "Thousand-Character Classic" was also found in Dunhuang documents.

, this was probably an introductory textbook for beginners to learn Tibetan at that time. It can be seen that Tubo had a profound influence on various ethnic groups in Helong in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties as well as in the early Song Dynasty.

Even people's names began to be cross-used with Han surnames and Tubo names. During the Tang Wenzong period, when a Tang Dynasty envoy passed through the northwest region, he found that the accent of the local people had changed. Although they wore Hanfu, their language was different.

It is obviously influenced by Tubo pronunciation.
To be continued...