Section 2 Princess Jincheng marries Tubo and Nanzhao leaves the Tang Dynasty

The weak water should have no ground, and the Yangguan is close to the sky.

Now you are crossing the sandy moraine, and the people have been cut off for many months.

If you like Wu Ning, you will judge your destiny, and you will be granted a title regardless of your years.

The horse is cold and has lost track, and the saddle and saddle are missing when it is snowy.

Chi Malun proposed to the Tang Dynasty three times in his life for his son and grandson. The first proposal was in 703 AD. Tibet sent envoys carrying tributes and good horses and gold to Chang'an to propose to Chidu Songtsan. Before the Tang Dynasty,

The princess married into Tubo, and Chi Dusong died on the way to conquer Nanzhao. Tubo's Zanpu died, and the marriage had to be put on hold for the time being. Under the rule of Chi Malun, Tubo restored stability. By the time Chi Malun

After Marun's second grandson Chidezuzan succeeded to the throne, Chimalun was getting older at this time and wanted to hand over the power to his grandson. Before handing over the power, he still couldn't completely rest assured that he still had to give it to himself.

His grandson found a powerful ally. So in 705 AD, when Chide Zuzan was only seven years old, Chimalun proposed to the Tang Dynasty for his grandson. In order to show his sincerity, Tubo sent envoys with a large amount of property.

When they arrived in Chang'an, the marriage was unsuccessful. Two years later, in 709, Anchor sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for the third time to pay tribute and propose marriage. At this time, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty was Tang Zhongzong. Tang Zhongzong was very reluctant to part with his daughter, so he sent King Yong's daughter to him.

The daughter was borrowed and named Princess Jincheng to marry to Tubo.

Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty hosted a banquet for the Tibetan envoys in the Liyuan, and also invited the Tibetan envoys to watch polo together. At this time, the Tibetan envoys asked to let one of his subordinates compete with the Tang Dynasty in polo to deepen the friendship between the two countries. To put it nicely, in my opinion

It seems that they just wanted to show their faces in front of the Tang Dynasty monarchs. Tang Zhongzong agreed to their request. The Tang Dynasty sent Linzi King Li Longji, a master of Ma Qiu, who later became the famous Tang Xuanzong, as well as several princes and consorts.

Minister, a total of four people competed with ten Tubo people. After several contests, Tubo won every game. Tang Zhongzong was very happy after watching the game. Everyone appreciated the polo skills of the Tibetan warriors and rewarded them. In addition, he personally

Couplets of poems and couplets include Tang Zhongzong, the Queen, Princess Changning, Princess Anle, Prince Wen Li Chongmao, Shangguan Zhaorong and others. During the process of composing poems, Shang Zanduo Relajin also asked for writing and participated in the regular drinking

When Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty heard this, he was very happy and gave his son Shangzan Durela city clothes. The content of this couplet is:

The imperial palace of the Ming Dynasty is in all directions (the emperor). He is concerned about internal affairs and Tao Tang (the queen), the luan sings and the phoenix dances to Pingyang (Princess Changning), and the Qinlou Lu Palace Mu Enguang (Princess Anle). Unintentionally begging for a man for his son (Princess Taiping)

), Xiongcai thanked King Chen in seven steps (King Wen Li Chongmao). When Xiong gave the chariot, he was ashamed of his former beauty (.Shangguan Zhaorong), and he was once again in charge of Quanzhen, but his kindness could not be forgotten (Cui Zhuo, the Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs). Wen Jiang learned a lot and thought about Ji.

Hang (written by Lang Zhengxi), is detailed in the examination of meritorious officials in all countries (examination of meritorious officials, Wailang Wuping).

The writings are constantly coming out of the intestines (the writings are Lang Yan Chaoyin), and the powerful people are solemn and solemn (the imperial censor Dou Cong).

The tripod was cast to open the mountain and the Mingtang was built (he would be the great craftsman Zong Jinqing), and the jade wine was originally used to offer wine glasses for longevity (Shang Zan Duo Re pulled the scarf).

Everyone joined together and everyone was very happy.

Regarding the popularization of the sport of polo, in the Tang Dynasty, polo was not only popular among emperors and civil and military officials, but also popular among the people. Even women became participants in polo activities. The so-called "Shang Dynasty"

If there is something good to watch, there must be something bad." Sima Guang also said this in "Zi Zhi Tong Jian·Tang Ji": "The best batting, from this, the popular." The development of polo in the Tang Dynasty, apart from

Don't take the initiative of the emperor.

Women in the Tang Dynasty played polo for entertainment. The Tang poet Wang Jian's "Gong Ci" mentioned that the ladies in the palace played polo: "The new white horse is afraid of the sound of the whip and breaks through the door to play polo." Guo Guo, the governor of Jiannan Festival, Yingze watched the female dancers play ball for fun, and according to historical records, it cost tens of thousands of dollars every day.

In 1972, the "Polo Picture" mural unearthed from the tomb of Tang Zhanghuai Prince Li Xian in Qianxian County, Shaanxi Province, the Tang Dynasty bronze mirror with pictures of women playing ball collected by the Palace Museum, and the Tang Dynasty painted polo-playing clay figurines unearthed in Turpan, Xinjiang, all reflect the polo scene at that time. The popularity of ball sports.

Playing polo not only became a physical fitness sport for the emperors and aristocrats of the Tang Dynasty, but also played an important role in foreign cultural exchanges. According to documentary records, neighboring countries such as Bohai, Goryeo, and Japan at that time had competitions with the Tang Dynasty. Description of polo competition. The "Bianqiao Alliance Picture" (drawn by Chen Jizhi of the Liao Dynasty) now in the Palace Museum depicts the scene of a polo match between the Tang and Liao Dynasties. The picture depicts Tang Taizong Li Shimin and the Turkic Khan Jieli In the ninth year of Wude (AD 626), the alliance was held at the Weishui Bridge in the west of Chang'an City. Several knights rode horses and held sticks to compete for a ball. The scene was very spectacular.

The polo sport in ancient China lasted for more than a thousand years, and many stories were told. It gradually disappeared in the late Qing Dynasty. However, the polo sport currently being played in China was introduced from the West, which is a pity.

Polo was popular in the Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, but disappeared in the Qing Dynasty. It was mainly popular among the army and court nobles. The polo-playing mural found in the tomb of Li Xian, Prince Zhanghuai of the Tang Dynasty in Xigan County fully reflects the development of polo in the Tang Dynasty. Scene. The entire mural is 130 to 240 centimeters high and 600 centimeters wide. There are many characters in the picture, and the background is broad and vivid. There are more than 20 people participating in the batting, all wearing various colors of narrow-sleeved robes, black boots, and turbans on their heads. Holding a crescent-shaped club in hand, riding a galloping horse, making different postures to compete for hitting the ball. The composition of the picture is dense and dense, with stillness in the movement, and a strong sense of rhythm and movement. Polo of this period unearthed from archaeology The figurines and bronze mirrors depicting polo activities, especially the carved stones recording the construction of the polo field found in the Hanguang Hall of the Tang Daming Palace in Chang'an City, confirm the grand occasion of polo sports at that time. Polo sports are beneficial to the physical and mental health of the participants. The training of riding skills and skills. According to literature, the emperors of the Tang Dynasty such as Zhongzong, Xuanzong, Mu Zong, Jingzong, Xuanzong, Xizong, and Zhaozong were all advocates and participants of polo. In the sixth year of Tianbao (747) , Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty issued a special edict to include polo as one of the subjects of military training.

Polo playing became very popular in the Tang Dynasty. It not only became a physical fitness sport for emperors and aristocrats, but also played an important role in foreign cultural exchanges. According to literature, at that time, neighboring countries such as Bohai, Korea, and Japan had players with Description of the polo competition in the Tang Dynasty. The "Bianqiao Alliance Picture" (drawn by Chen Jizhi of the Liao Dynasty) now in the Palace Museum contains a scene specifically depicting the polo competition between the Tang Dynasty and the Turks. The picture depicts Tang Taizong Li Shimin and The Turkic Khan Jieli, in the ninth year of Wude (626 AD), held an alliance at the Weishui Bridge in the west of Chang'an City as the background. In the painting, several knights are riding horses and holding sticks to compete for a ball. The scene is quite lively and spectacular. Until the Song, Liao, and Jin dynasties, the imperial court also regarded polo as one of the grand "military rituals" and even formulated detailed rituals and rules for this purpose.

In order to have Princess Jincheng get married in a grand manner in the Tang Dynasty and to demonstrate the prestige of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty personally appointed a messenger to escort Princess Jincheng into Tibet, and he personally sent Princess Jincheng to the suburbs. On the 27th of the first month of the year 710 AD, Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty set up a wedding ceremony.

A banquet was held in honor of the princes, ministers and the Tubo envoys, and a grand wedding ceremony was held. In order to prevent Princess Jincheng from being wronged after marrying to Tubo, Emperor Zhongzong personally warned the Tubo envoys. He said that Princess Jincheng was the apple of his eye, and your brother-in-law had never suffered anything.

I felt wronged. I also told a story to the Tibetan envoy. When Princess Jincheng was eight years old, a palace maid accidentally broke her beloved dressing mirror. The palace maid was expelled from the palace. Now the princess is about to marry far away to Tubo. If there

Although she had been wronged, no one could support her. After saying these words, she warned the Tibetan envoy in a semi-threatening tone that Princess Jincheng was young and ignorant. If it were not for the sake of diplomatic relations between the two countries, she would really not be willing to do it.

The princess is getting married far away. After the princess is married to Tubo, I hope your Zanpu will treat the princess well...

There were many ministers and poets in the procession who were good at poetry, and Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty asked them to write poems to commemorate this great moment. Cui Riyong said in "Sending Princess Jincheng to Xibo": "The scriptures of the Holy Scriptures are far-reaching, and the counselors have many plans.

.Accepting the policy of surrendering and pursuing the Han Dynasty, Yuguan plans to make peace with the Rong. The Wusun base is popularized, and the spring is born in the Jishi River. The six dragons are leaving now, and the two cranes are willing to sing." Yan Chaoyin recited with full of detachment: "Uncle and nephew value the land of relatives, the monarch and his ministers are kind.

Yixiang. I will also marry your princess to King Tan. The mountains and rivers of Lubo are dark, and the road to Pipa is long. Looking back to the country of my parents, the sun rises in the east." Immediately, Li Shi also chanted: "Jianghe comes from far away, Qinghai

Going to get married. The moon is dawning near the border, and the flowers are spending the Long Spring. The main song mourns Gu He, and the emperor plans to reunite the people. Only the Qiongxiao is gone, and I think about the golden wheel for a long time."

Zhang Yue, Cui Shi, Li Qiao, Wei Yuandan, Xu Yanbo, Ma Huaisu, Xu Jian and others also sang the harmony one after another. Especially Xu Jian's harmony said: "The stars of Han descended from heaven to the sun, the chariots surrendered to Shufan, the words in the box are easy to cut, and immediately

The song is empty and complex. The gates and the red tents are moved, the brocade pavilion is dark with wind and dust, the sound of the flute is far away, and the source of the river can be seen from thousands of miles away." It seems that people are outside the long pavilion of desolate parting, beside the ancient road, a feeling of parting sadness rushes into the heart, which makes people feel sad.

I vaguely saw the scene of Songtsen Gampo marrying Princess Wencheng.

In order to commemorate this special day, Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty also specifically ordered the name of a county to be changed to Jincheng County. He also ordered to pardon all crimes under death penalty in Jincheng County, and also reduced the people's corvee and tax for one year. Finally, Princess Jincheng died in Huqing

Under the escort of the team, just like when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, the marriage procession marched along the road heading to the Western Regions. This time, there were more skilled craftsmen in the marriage procession than when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet.

Many. These people also brought a large number of craft books, various utensils used in the palace and tens of thousands of silks and satins. On the Tibetan side, a lot of preparations were made to welcome the princess in the capital. Chide Zuzan and her

His grandmother Chimalun ordered the ministers to make an alliance, and then sent a special person to prepare for Princess Jincheng's entry into Tibet.

After Princess Jincheng and her team arrived, the people enthusiastically presented hada, and the snowy plateau was enveloped in an atmosphere of joy and celebration. In 711 AD, the Tang Dynasty sent envoys to Tubo, and once again canonized Princess Jincheng as the eldest princess, and made the Hexi Nine

Qu's body was used as the dowry for Princess Jincheng, which was the Tang Muyi that the Central Plains Dynasty customarily gave to the princess. This gift was very luxurious for Tubo. The Tang Dynasty and Tubo had been fighting for decades on the northwest border, but they did not expect to marry a Tang Dynasty this time.

Princesses of the Tang Dynasty could easily obtain these lands. However, the monarchs and ministers of the Tang Dynasty felt very reluctant to part with it. However, in order to express their importance to this marriage and their desire to establish a good relationship with Tubo, this gift had to be

Since then, envoys from the Tang Dynasty and Tubo had frequent exchanges. From 710 AD to 713 AD, Tibetan envoys were recorded in the history books as many as nine times. Originally, the two sides also discussed holding an alliance, but because the two sides continued to

A war broke out and the alliance never came to fruition. Princess Jincheng once again acted as the messenger of peace between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo, and tried her best to maintain friendly relations between the two parties.

In 712 AD, Tang Xuanzong ascended the throne. Tubo specially sent envoys to Chang'an to congratulate him. Tang Xuanzong personally received the Tubo envoys at Wude Hall. In 713 AD, Chimalun died, and Princess Jincheng immediately sent someone to notify the Tang Dynasty.

, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sent Li Jingchijie to Tubo to express his condolences. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty often cared about his sister who was married to Tubo, and often talked to the ministers around him about the deep friendship between the brothers and sisters. In 714, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty missed Princess Jincheng very much, so he

He sent an envoy to visit Princess Jincheng on his behalf. Yuchigui took him to the "Letter to Princess Jincheng" written by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty himself: "Princess Jincheng descended from far away to a different place, and settled down in Ningfan. She cherished the principle of chastity and obedience, and knew how to go there."

It is appropriate to know the person and donate money to him. He is loyal and restrained in writing, and admires the beauty and kindness. I have received all the things I have received. I have sent the princess many tokens now, and I will receive them at the appropriate time. All the things I asked for will be sent to me to write a memorial.

"The deep love between brother and sister is vivid on the page.

In 716, Princess Jincheng, who had been married for six years, presented a "List of Thanks for the Gift of Brocade and Silk Utensils" to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, thanking the emperor for the reward and concern, and sending her greetings. She also contributed gifts such as marigolds, antelopes, pieces of clothing, and felts.

I hope that the friendship between Tang and Bo will continue from generation to generation.

In 717, Princess Jincheng once again appealed to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, hoping that the emperor's brother would agree to Tibet's request for an alliance in consideration of marrying a Tibetan sister. In 718, Chide Zuzan personally sent an envoy to Chang'an to petition Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, hoping that

In order for the people of Tang and Tibet to live and work in peace and contentment, they would no longer fight each other. In the letter, he addressed himself as "nephew" many times, hoping to understand each other and coexist peacefully. In fact, I personally think that except for Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, he really cared about his brothers and sisters.

In addition to his love, he also wanted to strengthen the relationship between Tang Xuanzong and Princess Jincheng by strengthening contacts with Princess Jincheng, so that Princess Jincheng would never forget her mission of peace.

Tubo sent people many times to express its sincerity in requesting an alliance, and Princess Jincheng also made peace with her. So in 719 AD, Tang Xuanzong personally received the Tubo envoys. Tang Xuanzong and the queen gave many tributes to Tubo and his family.

The reward showed the emperor's great kindness, but he still did not agree to the alliance between the two parties.

In 730, Tubo sent people to Chang'an again to express their intention to form an alliance. But this time Tang Xuanzong would not agree even more, because not long ago, someone in Tubo warned the Tang border defenders that if the Tang army dared to step even half a step into the Tubo border,

The Tubo army would not let the Tang Dynasty go. They would even send troops to invade Chang'an, capture the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty alive, and capture all the members of the royal family to be slaves of Tubo Zampu. These words were very unpleasant to hear, and when they reached Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was furious.

I felt that this behavior of Tubo was unforgivable, but Tubo still sent people to Chang'an to lobby the ministers of the Tang Dynasty to promote an alliance between the two sides.

There was a consultant in Prince Zhong's Mansion named Huangfu Weiming. He believed that Chide Zuzan was only 18 years old at the time. It would be impossible for him to write such an unreasonable letter. Don't worry, it was probably forged by some people with ulterior motives in Tibet. Then.

He took advantage of the opportunity to report his ideas to Tang Xuanzong. After listening to his words, Tang Xuanzong thought about it carefully and felt that it made sense, because some people made a lot of money from war. It is very likely that there were some Tibetan frontiers.

In order to use the war to make money and seek rewards. Moreover, the two sides have been fighting for years, and the Tang Dynasty has also suffered a lot. The treasury has been unable to maintain, so it is better to use the opportunity of visiting Princess Jincheng to reconcile with Tubo, let Tubo surrender to the Tang Dynasty, and the two sides can reconcile.

Tang Xuanzong sent envoys to Tubo to facilitate this matter.

Chizu Dezan expressed great welcome to the arrival of the envoys from the Tang Dynasty. He also took the envoys to see all the edicts and laws issued to Tubo since Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, showing the sincerity of Tubo. He also sent an envoy to follow Huangfu Weiming to Chang'an

He paid tribute and wrote an autographed letter to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Both his nephew (called Chide Zuzan) and his ancestor Songtsen Gampo married the Princess of the Tang Dynasty. They were part of the same family both emotionally and rationally and should live in peace. But Anxi

However, the Protector Zhang Xuanbiao repeatedly sent troops to attack our borders, killing our soldiers and civilians, and destroying the relationship between Tang and Tibet. I have always had deep respect for the Tang Dynasty in my heart, and I am well aware of the dignity and etiquette of the country. I dare not neglect it at all, just because the border generals attacked each other.

The expedition led to my uncle (referring to the Tang Dynasty) misunderstanding me. My nephew repeatedly sent envoys to the capital to see me, hoping to put an end to the past, but was always blocked by my uncle's generals and never made it. Today I am very happy to see your envoys coming all the way.

Coming to visit the princess, my nephew really cannot express his inner joy in words. If the harmonious family relationship during Princess Wencheng's period can be restored, my nephew will die with no regrets.

Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was very moved after reading this letter, thinking that it was Chi De Zuzan's heartfelt words. The Tubo envoy took the opportunity to mention that Princess Jincheng hoped that the Tang Dynasty could give Tubo "Mao Shi", "Spring and Autumn" and "Book of Rites".

Several books. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty also specifically handed over this issue to the Zhongshu Province for discussion by the ministers. Finally, Pei Guangting, the Minister of Menxia Province, and others believed that this time the Tang Dynasty and Tubo were reconciled. If we can take this opportunity to bring these books

The rewards were given to Tubo, allowing them to use these books to improve their cultural literacy, and to be influenced by Confucian culture to deepen their identification with the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty listened to this opinion and approved Tubo's request. Since then, Tubo has often become a

In the name of the princess, he paid tribute and sent aristocratic children to study in the Imperial Academy of the Tang Dynasty. In 731 AD, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty asked Cui Lin, a diplomat at the time, to go to Tibet as an envoy. He also personally wrote a letter to Tubo Zanpu to express the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Tibet.

friendship between.

In 740 AD, Princess Jincheng passed away due to illness. After learning the bad news, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was very sad and ordered the emperor to abandon the court for three days and lead all officials to burn incense and mourn for Princess Jincheng.

Speaking of the Erhai area, we will think of the beautiful scenery of Yunnan, but at that time, it was still full of intrigues and swordplay. In the following part, we will also write a special history of Nanzhao.

In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, there were six tribes in the Erhai area, called Liuzhao. Nanzhao belonged to one of the six tribes, originally called Mengshezhao. Because it was located in the south of the tribes, it was also called Nanzhao. Nanzhao

The economic strength is the strongest among the tribes, and it is the object of learning for other tribes. Economy determines everything. With strong economic backing, Nanzhao began to expand and annex the surrounding areas long before the Tubo forces entered the Erhai area.

After conquering the Erhai tribes of the Tang Dynasty, the rulers of Nanzhao accidentally discovered that they had the strength to annex the political power of other larger tribes, so their ambitions expanded rapidly and accelerated the pace of unifying the other five imperial edicts of Erhai.

Since Nanzhao was relatively far away from Tubo, there was no contact between the two parties and there was not much conflict of interest. Moreover, the Tang Dynasty and Nanzhao had always maintained a subordinate relationship at this time. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty often canonized the leaders of the Nanzhao Kingdom. Originally, the Tang Dynasty

The ruling center is far away from Nanzhao, and there is not much conflict of interest between the two sides. However, as Tubo's ambitions become more and more ambitious, it continues to expand and approach the Erhai area step by step. Some tribes are afraid of the Tubo army and have no plans to do so.
To be continued...