One day, Princess Wencheng's entourage went to a mountain called "Zha" to chop firewood. She chopped a lot of firewood, but there was no rope to tie it up. Seeing this, she broke off a section of the red willow branch on the mountain and used it to tie it.

Bundling firewood. Suddenly the willow branches on the trees became very soft, and everyone used willow branches to tie up the cut firewood like the princess did. From then on, the red willow branches near Luoche City became very pliable, and they are still here today.

People in China still retain the habit of using tamarisk to tie things.

Songtsen Gampo was often distracted in the palace, missing Princess Wencheng day and night. One day, he couldn't help but go to Dongxiguo Mountain. He learned from Princess Wencheng's entourage that the princess had no strange smell at all, and finally understood that it was all

Bian Lun Bu was so evil that he quickly ordered the princess to be brought back to the palace to get married. He also gave a large reward to the envoy Dongzanyu Song of Song Dynasty, severely punishing the abominable Bian Lun Bu.

After Songtsen Gampo and Princess Wencheng got married, they built luxurious palaces for Princess Chizun and Princess Wencheng respectively, which were later known as Jokhang Temple and Ramoche Temple. According to legend, Princess Wencheng used the Chinese method of five elements to conscientiously

He studied the design plan for building the palace and personally supervised it. Finally, the Jokhang Temple and the Ramoche Temple were built. The Jokhang Temple was the palace of Princess Chizun and enshrined the eight-year-old statue of Sakyamuni. The Ramoche Temple was the palace of Princess Wencheng.

, which houses a twelve-year-old statue of Sakyamuni.

After Princess Wencheng married Songtsan Gampo, she always remembered Tang Taizong's instructions to her before leaving. Not only did she take care of Songtsan Gampo's daily life carefully, but he also often went deep into the grassroots of Tibet to visit the Tibetan people. Wencheng

The princess soon gained high prestige among the Tubo people, and everyone liked this princess from the Tang Dynasty very much.

Whenever Tubo encountered a natural disaster, Princess Wencheng would advise Songtsan Gampo to reduce or reduce the local people's excessive taxes and miscellaneous taxes. This involves the Confucian love for the people in the Central Plains. After Princess Wencheng's reminder, Songtsan Gampo governed Tubo.

More humane. The people of Tubo regard Princess Wencheng as the incarnation of the Bodhisattva sent by God. Princess Wencheng is also willing to assume such an image in Tubo. She often goes to temples to burn incense and worship Buddha, pray for Tubo, and often donates property to temples.

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In 650 AD, Songtsen Gampo, a great man of Tibet, died of illness. However, Princess Wencheng did not die of the plague until 30 years later in 680. There is no doubt that Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet had a great impact on Tibet.

It was a great event of great merit. Moreover, Princess Wencheng served as a cultural and economic envoy for both Tibet and Han. Later, in order to commemorate Princess Wencheng, the Tibetan people designated her legendary birthday, October 15th, as the day of creation.

The day when he arrived in Lhasa, which is April 15th in the Tibetan calendar, is designated as a festival celebrated by the whole country. Every time these two festivals occur in the entire Tibetan area, people will go to the temple bells to pray for blessings to express their memory.

Although Princess Chizun and Princess Wencheng came from different countries, they both shouldered the mission of spreading Buddhism. These two women occupied an important position in the history of Tubo's foreign relations and had a profound impact on the history of Tubo.

More and more legends spread in Tubo, and later they were regarded as the incarnations of Tara. Until now, there are statues of Songtsan Gampo and the two princesses in the main hall of Jokhang Temple.

Together they are worshiped by Tibetan people.

We have recorded many legends about Princess Wencheng in Tubo. Some legends about Princess Chizun are also introduced here.

It is said that Princess Niboluo entered Tubo via Mangyu (Jilong Valley). Therefore, a large number of relics and legends related to Princess Chizun have been preserved in Jilong Valley.

Opposite the canyon not far from Jilong Town, there is a small village with only a dozen households called Jifu Village. Jifu means "separation, leaving" in Tibetan. According to the legend of local villagers, this place is the place where Chifu Village is located.

This is the place where Princess Zun and Niboluo bid farewell to their wedding party. From then on, the princess who married far away traveled all the way north and never returned to her hometown. There is a manor named "Jirupu" in the village, according to "History of Zhujian"

, this was specially built here by Songtsen Gampo to welcome Princess Chizun into Tibet. There is also a dance among the villagers, which is said to have been performed for the princess who married far away. During the dance, the dancers wore

The ivory and shell made a crisp sound after the two wrists collided. The villagers called it "Tongjia", and the dance was therefore called "Tongjia La". Almost all religious and historical records of Princess Chizun's situation after entering Tibet are average.

Without a second thought, Songtsen Gampo built the Jokhang Temple to worship the eight-year-old life-size statue of Sakyamuni he brought.

Ordinarily, with these Tibetan historical records, the life experience of Princess Chizun should be quite clear. But in fact, the fog surrounding Princess Nibala has not dissipated, but has become denser. In modern times, Tibetan history circles at home and abroad are increasingly

The more I tend to think that Princess Nibala does not exist, and everything about her is the illusion of later generations. What is the reason for this?

At present, the records about Princess Trizun all come from Tibetan religious historical materials and Buddhist scriptures. In the earlier Sino-Tibetan historical materials, it is difficult to find the name of Princess Trizun. We know that the year when the Tibetan religious historical materials were written , started after the 14th century AD. In other words, these historical materials are at least 600 years away from Princess Chizun. The "Tang Tongdian" in the Central Plains was written in 801 (the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan of Dezong), and the "Old Book of Tang" It was written in 945 (the second year of Kaiyun in the Later Jin Dynasty), "Tang Huiyao" was written in 961 (the second year of Jianlong), and "New Book of Tang" was written in 1060 (the fifth year of Jiayou in the Northern Song Dynasty), all well before the teachings Historical data. In all the current historical data from the Central Plains, there is no word about Princess Chizun. You must know that although the Tang and Tibetan countries have been at war for hundreds of years, their envoys have visited each other more than 290 times. It is very unfortunate that such an important historical event has been completely ignored. Logical.

You must know that at that time, the relationship between the two countries was the suzerain state and the vassal state. According to the historical records of Nibala, during the Songtsen Gampo period, a coup broke out in Nibala, and the first heir to the throne, the eldest prince Udaya-Deva II He was deposed by his younger brother and ascended the throne of the king himself. The eldest prince fled to Tubo for help. Songtsan Gampo sent troops to expel the younger brother who usurped the throne and supported the eldest prince to ascend the throne. After that, for a long time, the Nibala Kingdom Politics are all under the control of Tubo. There was even a member of the Tubo royal family who served as the king of Niboluo. With such an obvious relationship between the two countries, it should be a very honorable thing for a royal princess to marry the king of the upper state. But everywhere Looking at the family history of the Nipala royal family at that time, there is not only no record of the marriage of the princess, but also no princess of a similar age. Moreover, Buddhism was the state religion of Nipala at that time, and the princess brought a statue of Buddha and other figures into Tibet, which was definitely a promotion It is a great achievement of Buddhism. However, this matter is still ignored by Nibala historical materials, which is really strange.

A large number of Tibetan documents are preserved in the Dunhuang Sutra Cave. These documents were written after the Tibetan occupation of Dunhuang (786 AD, the second year of Zhenyuan of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty). They were sealed in the cave around 1000 AD and disappeared from people's memory. In 1900, it was opened again by the Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu. During this period, no one disturbed or tampered with it for more than 900 years. Because these Tibetan materials were written quite close to the Tubo Dynasty and were not tampered with, the collection of these Tibetan materials is called the Dunhuang Version. The level of historical data in the "Tubo Historical Documents" is extremely high, second only to the Tubo epigraphic inscriptions. But unfortunately, the Dunhuang documents and the Tubo epigraphic inscriptions still only record Princess Wencheng, but not Princess Chizun. "Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" It is recorded: "Princess Wencheng of Zan and Mongolia was welcomed to the land of Tubo by the pine trees of Dongzanyu in Gar." "In the Year of the Sheep (AD 683)...in the winter, Princess Wencheng of Zan and Mongolia was sacrificed." "Tang-Tibet Alliance Monument": " At the age of Zhenguan, he married Princess Wencheng to Zanpu Yazhang. After that,...at the age of Jinglong, he married Princess Jincheng and married into Zanpu's yamen, which made this uncle and nephew happy." It is precisely because of the above reasons that foreign Tibetans Historians are increasingly inclined to believe that Princess Chizun did not exist. The famous Italian Tibetologist Giuseppe Tucci wrote in his book "The Wife of Songtsan Gampo": "Songtsan Gampo Marrying Princess Nibrachizun is a fiction, and there is currently no historical data to support this statement” [5].

Someone once sought confirmation from several Tibetan scholars for this purpose, and they all believed that "from a historical perspective, Princess Chizun's life experience is at least in doubt."

As mentioned earlier, most of the Tibetan religious historical materials were written later than the 14th century AD. However, one of the books is relatively early, and this is the historical material "The History of Pillars - Songtsen Gampo's Legacy".

It was written by Songtsen Gampo himself (so it is also called Songtsen Gampo's legacy). It was discovered and compiled by the eminent monk Atisha (982~1054) in the later Hong period on the pillars of Jokhang Temple. This is

This book records for the first time the process of Songtsen Gampo marrying Princess Chizun and Princess Wencheng (from which the story of the three copper letters comes). Almost all subsequent Tibetan religious historical materials follow this book.

records, and has been slightly expanded. However, the fantasy color of this historical material is extremely strong, and it is not an exaggeration to call it the Tibetan "Shan Hai Jing" or "Sou Shen Ji". Moreover, in recent years, scholars have collected texts based on this book.

Due to its writing characteristics, it is generally believed that its creation period should be in the early post-Propagation period of Buddhism, no earlier than the 11th century AD.

Whether there is Princess Chizun or not, it actually doesn't matter. What is important is that her figure has long been deeply rooted in people's hearts and has become one of the many cultural symbols in Tibet.

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During the reign of Songtsen Gampo, the entire Tubo country has greatly improved. As a powerful empire, it must have a profound cultural heritage. As a Tubo, since its own cultural foundation is not so heavy, it does not need to continue to

He embraced various civilizations from his neighbors. Songtsen Gampo conquered many ethnic groups around Tubo and unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. These local civilizations were also injected with fresh blood by Tibet. Later, he accompanied Princess Wencheng to Tibet and brought it to Tibet.

Here comes the civilization and rich products of the Tang Dynasty.

At that time, the Tang Dynasty was almost the most developed country in the world. Songtsan Gampo knew about the wealth and development of the Tang Dynasty from envoys to the Tang Dynasty, so Songtsan Gampo was eager to introduce Tang culture. The legendary Princess Wencheng was also proficient in

Using the art of divination, he believed that the terrain of Tubo was like a Rakshasa girl lying on her back, so demons must be rampant on the land of Tubo. In order to stabilize Tubo and get rid of the intrusion of demons, Princess Wencheng suggested building pagodas in the Tubo area to suppress them.

Those evil spirits are haunting. It is under this situation that the 12 Weisheng Halls were built, and the Songtsen Gampo we mentioned before always enshrines the Buddha statue of Sakyamuni. In addition, Princess Wencheng also brought 360 when she entered Tibet.

Buddhist scriptures, all of which promoted the spread of Buddhism in Tubo.

When Princess Wencheng came to Tubo, she not only brought Buddhism, but also many medical classics. Songtsen Gampo immediately ordered a group of people to compile these works into Tibetan medical works - the Encyclopedia of Medicine.

Songtsen Gampo also invited many famous doctors from India, China and Dashi to spread medical knowledge in Tubo. Doctors from Dashi were good at animal anatomy, so they spread the knowledge of anatomy very early.

Entered Tubo. Doctors from these three places were in different medical systems and spread their own expertise in Tubo. Later, they compiled a book called The Fearless Weapon. Songtsen Gampo ordered all doctors in Tibet to study this book.

Through his works, the status of doctors in Tubo has also been greatly improved. Even today, people in Tibet still respect doctors very much.

At the beginning, we mentioned that the Tubo people have the custom of applying an ocher substance on their faces. After Princess Wencheng arrived in Tubo, she did not like this custom, so Songtsan Gampo made suggestions and requested that this be changed.

Custom. Songtsen Gampo followed Princess Wencheng's suggestion and ordered a nationwide ban on ocher noodles. In addition, because the Tubo people live on the snowy plateau, the climate here is cold all year round. Everyone generally likes to wear felt clothes and woolen clothes.

Felt hats, etc. Later, the Tubo people saw that the clothes worn by the Tang Dynasty people were very beautiful, so they were envious. From now on, the Tubo people also began to change their clothes. The breakthrough people introduced the silk and satin of the Tang Dynasty. Under the promotion of Princess Wencheng

, and with the Tubo people's admiration for the Tang Dynasty culture, Tubo's traditional customs are silently accepting the influence of the Central Plains culture.

In order to better learn the advanced culture of the Tang Dynasty, after Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, Songtsan Gampo sent a large number of wealthy children to Chang'an to study poetry and calligraphy. These Tibetan students studied in Chang'an like Han students, wearing Han clothes

Chinese and the Four Books and Five Classics, etc. Princess Wencheng married into Tibet, and in the ten years until the death of Songtsen Gampo, there was no war between the Tang Dynasty and Tibet. The relationship between the two sides has always been very good, and envoys were constantly sent to each other.

Songtsan Gampo always referred to him as the emperor or his majesty in his credentials to Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and called himself a minister. Songtsan Gampo sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty many times to request various materials and technical methods, but Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty did not have any

Not allowed.

In 649 AD, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty died a year before Songtsan Gampo. The Tang Dynasty sent people to Tubo to report the funeral, and Songtsan Gampo sent ministers to Chang'an to express condolences. The newly ascended Tang Gaozong, in order to continue the friendly relations between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo

, he granted Songtsan Gampo the title of Prince Consort and Prince of Xihai County, and also gave many items to Tubo. Songtsan Gampo also wrote a letter to Sun Wuji, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty at that time, saying that if the new emperor had just ascended the throne, if there was any civil strife in the country

If so, Tubo was ready to come out and assist the Tang Dynasty in suppressing the rebellion. Tang Gaozong knew about Tubo's loyalty and issued another edict to reward him.

The Tang Dynasty also sent envoy Wang Xuance to Tianzhu, but at this time, there happened to be civil strife in Zhongtianzhu, which was the most powerful. The gifts Wang Xuance brought were robbed, and his party were also captured. Later, Wang Xuance took the opportunity to escape and came to Tubo for help.

Songtsan Gampo sent 1,200 Imperial Guards and recruited 7,000 Nibalo cavalry to follow Wang Xuance to conquer the Tianzhu rebels. Wang Xuance commanded the army to defeat the rebels and took those people to Chang'an. This can be seen from this incident

After the incident, Songtsen Gampo followed the Tang Dynasty sincerely and used practical actions to protect the safety of the Tang Dynasty envoys.

In 650 AD, plague was rampant in Tubo. Songtsan Gampo had already contracted the plague and unfortunately passed away. After receiving the funeral report from Tubo, the Tang Dynasty immediately sent envoys to Tubo to express condolences. After Songtsan Gampo passed away, Princess Wencheng continued to visit Tubo.

She has lived for more than 30 years. She has made outstanding contributions to the economic and cultural exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Tibet, serving as the cultural exchange ambassador for both parties. Princess Wencheng's great contribution to the friendship between the two countries will never be underestimated by the two nations.

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