Part 4: Things about Xixia

Chapter 1 The Establishment of the Xixia Empire

Section 1 The historical changes of the Dangxiang clan

Wave your hand from the top of Jinhua Mountain and look down at the world and stars.

White cranes are flying all over the ground, and the sky is dark with snow and roaring.

Beishan has traveled seven hundred miles around, and the famous cave is not far away.

People in the world don't know the joy in the mountains, so they ask me what is there in the mountains.

According to old legends, the sheep were turned into stone and put to sleep, and there were also stories of plowing the fields to drive the deer away.

Tuashi's bath vase is still there today, who keeps it in Xiaobiao Library?

Pian Ran visits red pine nuts, why does he need to live without grains to extend his life?

When you go out and smile, the world will be wider, and the dirty people will make their children ugly.

Don’t you see that I am visiting Red Cliff on the east slope and looking east on Xixiakou in Wuchang.

The country and the country are still beautiful, who can bring fish and wine with the guests?

On the ancient Silk Road, there was a dynasty that was once glorious and eventually disappeared in the long history of history - Xixia.

Xixia is also called Dabai Gaoguo. The reason why it is called this name is because this country advocates the color white. The Dangxiang Qiang people who founded Xixia are a very mysterious nation. The Dangxiang people are martial and good at fighting. We will explain it in detail later. , why is it said that the Dangxiang tribe is a nation full of mystery? He created the mysterious Daxia Empire and left a glorious mark in the history of the Manchus in our country.

In 1227 AD, Xixia was destroyed by the Yuan Dynasty. Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, the tradition of later dynasties compiling histories for the previous dynasties has been popular. However, when the Yuan Dynasty was compiling history, they only compiled biographical official histories for the three countries of Song, Liao and Jin, but did not provide any follow-up records. These three dynasties coexisted at the same time, and another dynasty, Xixia, compiled a history book. However, it is only a rough outline. Each of these three official histories has one volume describing the history of Xixia.

In fact, the people of the Yuan Dynasty did not compile a history of Xixia, which not only caused the once-glorious Xixia Dynasty to lose a lot of precious historical materials, but also caused a huge loss to the study of the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties of the same period. At the same time, it also made the only remaining descriptions of Xixia Historical historical materials appear to be increasingly mysterious and important.

With the gradual deepening of the study of Xixia history in modern times, the mysterious veil of the disappeared Xixia Dynasty has been gradually unveiled.

Especially at the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian expedition unearthed a large number of precious Xixia documents in Heishui City, south of the coast in western China. These documents laid the foundation for the study of Xixia studies. With the unearthing of these historical materials, later generations studied the history of Xixia. Scholars gradually restored a true history of the Xixia Dynasty.

Not only is there very little history describing the country of Xixia, but even the Dangxiang Qiang people who established the Xixia Empire only appear in the Sui Dynasty, the history books of our country. The Dangxiang people are considered to be a branch of the Qiang people, but the rulers of Xixia themselves They are believed to be descendants of the Xianbei royal family. The birthplace of the Dangxiang people has been debated by future generations of scholars, and a unified consensus has not been formed. There is still no conclusion. Generally speaking, the Dangxiang people should be a fusion of multiple ethnic groups with the Qiang as the main body. Community, which includes Qiang, Xianbei, Han, Uighur, Tubo, etc.

The Dangxiang tribe became prosperous in the early years of the Tang Dynasty. Later, in the late Tang Dynasty, Tuoba Sigong, the leader of the Dangxiang tribe at that time, was given the surname Li because he helped Tang Chou suppress the rebellion. It rose rapidly in the local area. In the early years of the Song Dynasty, with Zhao Kuangyin taking back the local power of Xiazhou, the conflict between the Dangxiang tribe and the Song Dynasty intensified. Later, Li Jiqian, the leader of the Dangxiang tribe, began to rebel against the Song Dynasty and become independent, until his grandson Li Yuanhao officially established the throne in 1038 AD. Proclaimed himself emperor and established a country.

After the founding of Xixia, they adopted a strategy of uniting with Daliao to attack the Song Dynasty. Therefore, the Song Dynasty was often bullied by the small barbarian Xixia. However, in 1044 AD, a reconciliation was reached between Xixia and the Song Dynasty. But at the same time, Xixia and the Song Dynasty

Another large-scale conflict broke out in the Liao Dynasty, and they finally defeated the invasion of the powerful Liao Kingdom. After the founding of Xixia, its strength was obviously much weaker than that of the Song Dynasty and the Liao Kingdom at the same time. However, after generations of unremitting efforts, Xixia finally finally

Together with the Song Dynasty and the Liao Kingdom, they formed a tripartite structure. However, in the later period of Li Yuanhao's reign, he began to be debauched and brutal, and Xixia also fell into the dark age of authoritarianism by relatives. The good development momentum of the Xixia Empire ended here.

After Li Yuanhao's death, his descendants ran Xixia and experienced several prosperity and failures. Finally, by the time Li Dewang came to the throne, Xixia was hopeless. No matter how powerful the last emperor was, he would eventually be unable to save himself.

The same was true for Li Dewang. Although he wanted to save the empire, the Xixia Empire was still gradually crumbling. Originally, Li Dewang planned to join forces with Jin Chao to fight against Mongolia, but at this time Da Jin also had too much to take care of himself.

After Li Dewang died, his nephew Li Xian was elected emperor. In 1127 AD, under the fierce attack of the Mongolian army, the Western Xia Emperor Li Xian surrendered to Mongolia. When Li Xian led the civil and military officials to surrender to Mongolia, they were all killed.

This is also the cruelty of the Mongol Empire. What they are best at is massacre and massacre. The entire Xixia Empire was brutally slaughtered by the Mongolian army. The Xixia Empire passed down ten generations of emperors, which lasted nearly 200 years, and was finally destroyed by the Yuan Dynasty.

The Dangxiang Qiang people are a mysterious and ancient ethnic group in our country. Like other nomadic peoples, this ethnic group keeps migrating in order to survive. They moved from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Loess Plateau, and finally took root in the northwest of our country, gradually establishing the Yixia Prefecture.

centered local government.

Xixia was a feudal dynasty established by the Party to the Qiang people. If we count from the establishment of the Xixia country to its demise, a total of 190 years have passed. But if we count the establishment of the Xiazhou regime by the Dangxiang people, then this regime has existed for a total of 347 years.

.When it was at its most powerful, its territory included most of what is now Ningxia and parts of Gansu, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, a vast area of ​​more than 20,000 square kilometers.

The Dangxiang Qiang people belong to one of the many Qiang tribes in the northwest. Traditionally, the Han people refer to this group as the Dangxiang people. Historically, it is recorded that the Qiang people originated from the Yellow River area in the southeastern part of Qinghai Province.

During the Han Dynasty, the Qiang people began to migrate to the interior in large numbers and gathered in the Guanzhong area. However, it was not until the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties that the Qiang people began to rise to prominence. By the Tang Dynasty, the Qiang people's activity range was very broad, reaching more than 3,000 miles.

The Dangxiang tribe is organized into numerous tribes of different sizes according to different surnames. Each tribe has no leader and no laws, which is basically equivalent to the primitive society period of the Han people. Famous tribes include the Xifeng clan, the Feiting clan, and the Wangli clan.

, Pochao clan, Yeli clan, Fangdang clan, Miqin clan and Tuoba clan. Among them, Tuoba clan is the most powerful and plays a leading role among all the tribes.

Regarding the early living conditions of the Dangxiang people, there is such a description in the "Old Book of Tang", saying that the tops of their houses are still wrapped with animal furs, which need to be replaced every year. This nation does not know crops and grains, even the ones used for making wine.

Barley needs to be purchased from other places. This shows that the Dangxiang tribe at that time was a patriarchal tribe at the end of the primitive society based on clans with a relatively backward living standard. Moreover, they did not engage in agricultural production and labor, and they made a living by nomadic herding.

In the middle of the sixth century AD, historical records at this time stated that the Dangxiang tribe often harassed the people in the interior. According to their interests, they sometimes rebelled and sometimes surrendered. By the end of the sixth century AD, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian unified China and established the Sui Dynasty.

China ended hundreds of years of chaos and regained its unity. Therefore, the Dangxiang tribes on the border also began to move inward.

In 584 AD, more than 1,000 households of Dangxiang people gradually integrated into the lives of local residents. In the second year, Tuoba Ningcong, the leader of the Tuoba tribe of the Dangxiang tribe at that time, led the entire tribe to Qingyang City, Gansu Province, to propose to Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty.

Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was very happy after hearing about his request to settle here, and immediately awarded the party leader the title of General Tuoba Ningcong.

However, the Dangxiang people did not surrender sincerely. They were only driven by their own interests, and they could not hide their wildness. In the Sui Dynasty, they sometimes judged things and surrendered. In 596 AD, the Dangxiang tribe attacked what is now Jingyuan County, Gansu Province.

, they were defeated by the Sui army, and then surrendered to the Sui Dynasty. The Sui Dynasty set up states and counties where these ethnic minority tribes lived together, and arranged officials to strengthen management.

Not long after the founding of the Tang Dynasty, the Zhenguan rule appeared during the reign of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin. This desirable society not only made the Han people feel very happy, but also the Dangxiang people felt very comfortable living in China. During this period, various people

The major party tribes surrendered to the Tang Dynasty one after another. The Tang Dynasty also set up four special states to let the tribal leaders of the Dangxiang tribe serve as governors. In the fifth year of Zhenguan, due to the huge military pressure of the Tang Dynasty, most of the party tribes had all surrendered.

After the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty specially sent officials to establish 60 states, and the party members surrendered as many as 300,000 people in the interior.

In the eighth year of Zhenguan, Tuyuhun rebelled. The leader of the Dangxiang tribe at that time, Tuoba Chici, loved Tuyuhun. Because they were related by marriage, the Dangxiang tribe helped Tuyuhun fight against the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty sent a large army to attack these two tribes. Dangxiang tribe

The tribe's position was very firm and they always stood on the side of Tuyuhun. After the Dangxiang people suffered several defeats, Emperor Taizong did not order to continue the pursuit. Instead, he adopted a strategy of both suppression and appeasement, and continuously sent envoys to persuade Tuoba Chici to surrender.

Tuoba Chici's son agreed to negotiate peace with the Tang Dynasty behind his back. After hearing this, other tribes of the Dangxiang tribe also began to look forward to returning to the Tang Dynasty. At this time, Tuoba Chici fell into isolation, and he had no choice but to follow his son.

In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty immediately established 32 states in the area where they lived. He also appointed Tuoba Chici as the governor of Xirong Prefecture, and gave him the surname Li, who was controlled by the Songzhou Governor's Office.

From then on, the Dangxiang people were given the surname Li for the first time, and most of the Dangxiang people's territories were transferred to the Tang Dynasty, which is now most of the land east of Jishi Mountain at the source of the Yellow River in Qinghai Province. Dangxiang people

The Qiang people officially became subjects of the Tang Dynasty.

Just as the Tang Dynasty was established and growing stronger, Tubo also began to rise rapidly on the Tibetan Plateau. Tubo continued to expand into the interior, first annexing various tribes in Tuyuhun, and then began to oppress the living space of the Dangxiang tribe. Tribes of the Dangxiang tribe wrote to the Tang Dynasty one after another.

The Tang Dynasty requested that they migrate to the interior, and the Tang Dynasty allowed them to move to the interior. The Dangxiang tribes that moved to the interior of Qianxi were mainly distributed in the Tang Dynasty and various states in the northern Longyou Dao.

In 721 AD, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty was Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He ordered that the Dangxiang tribe who migrated to the inland be specially resettled in the area that is now Qingyang, Gansu Province. He also once again granted Tuoba Shoji, the grandson of Tuoba Chici, the title of

The governor of Youlinmen.

In the middle of the eighth century AD, the Anshi Rebellion broke out. Tuoba Shoji led troops to help the Tang Dynasty put down the rebellion, and was named the governor of Rongzhou for his merits. Tubo took advantage of the civil strife in the Tang Dynasty and seized dozens of prefectures in Longyou, Hexi, and territories in the Western Regions. The Tang Dynasty

As a result, the empire gradually declined.

At that time, the Dangxiang tribes in Lingwu City and Yanchi County in what is now the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region joined forces with the Tubo to invade the borders of the Tang Dynasty.

Orders were again given to other parties to move towards the tribes and into the interior.

The Dangxiang tribe is divided into three tribes, one is the Dongshan tribe that lives in the area of ​​​​now Gyeongju, the other is the Yeli tribe that lives in the Suizhou and Yeonju areas, and the third is the Pingyang tribe centered on Haju.

Xia tribe. This Pingxia tribe is the tribe where the Tuoba tribe was later established in Xixia. The Tuoba tribe is a major clan in this tribe. So far, for the Dangxiang tribe, the journey from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Xiamen has finally ended.

The Centennial Great Migration of the Loess Plateau.

Due to the strong national power in the early Tang Dynasty, both Han people and ethnic minority people lived relatively happily in China, and the officials and society at this time were relatively stable. However, at the end of the Tang Dynasty, after experiencing the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty

It began to go downhill, and officials at all levels began to become corrupt. They not only corrupted the people in the mainland, but also exploited and oppressed the ethnic minorities living in the border areas, and the Dangxiang people were one of them. The local officials did not treat the Dangxiang people at all.

If you look at it as an adult, you will kill if you ask. This series of actions aroused fierce resistance and anger from the local party members.

At that time, large-scale uprisings broke out in Lingwu County and the Jinshan area of ​​Ningxia. In order to appease the people in these places, Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty sent several appeasement envoys from the court. Finally, the uprising of the Dangxiang tribe gradually subsided. But with the

With the decline of the Tang Dynasty, the Dangxiang clan, who lived in a corner, took advantage of this opportunity to gradually become stronger.

After the Dangxiang people moved inland, they have lived with the people of the Central Plains for so many years. Although they still focus on animal husbandry, their living habits have changed a lot from before. This is undoubtedly a good thing for the Dangxiang people.

It has accelerated the economic and cultural development of the Dangxiang people in the future, and also promoted the integration process between the Dangxiang people and the Han people.

Short story: Lee Byung-cheol, the founder of South Korea's Samsung Electronics, built a world-class enterprise from the ruins of the post-war Korea, which is a miracle. Samsung's growth path is full of traps, and the reason why it did not sink in the quagmire of mistakes is that

It was entirely because of Li Bingzhe's courage and actions to withdraw in time. When looking back on his glorious life, Li Bingzhe said this: "You should have the courage to go into battle and the courage to withdraw in time."

A very important point in Li Bingzhe's business principles is the courage to both explore and exit. He once said: "If you are not 100% sure, then don't start. Once you decide on a certain project, you must go all out."

If you think there is no chance of winning, then quit as soon as possible.”

In 1973, Samsung cooperated with H Company, a giant in the Japanese shipbuilding industry, and purchased 1.5 million square meters of land in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, to build the world's largest shipyard. However, due to the oil crisis at that time, the world's shipbuilding industry was in trouble, and some

Some customers even gave up their orders and asked to cancel the contract. Seeing that the market was unfavorable, Samsung decided not to launch the project for the time being. Later, Mr. Lee Byung-hyuk recalled: "If the shipyard had launched at that time, the blow to Samsung would have been huge.

You should have the courage to go into battle and the courage to quit in time."

Although Li Bingzhe's withdrawal made him "disgraceful", it prevented him from falling into a quagmire of constant investment without much hope of return. Li Bingzhe believes that if he does not withdraw as soon as possible, then large shipyards will soon

It may become Samsung's "Waterloo". Instead of waiting for the whole army to be wiped out due to shipbuilding, it is better to find another way and flourish elsewhere.

Most people know that when the situation is good, "the spring breeze is proud of the horse's mouth," and with a strong drive and strength, the career can flourish; but when the situation is bad, they don't know how to shrink the front and prepare to retreat.

, until they run out of ammunition and food, and even the capital to make a comeback is gone.

You must be able to bend and stretch when doing things. People who can only bend but not stretch are mediocre people. Those who can only apply but cannot go are arrogant soldiers. They cannot truly adapt to the current situation and achieve great achievements.

No matter what you do, you must grit your teeth and hold on in the darkness before dawn. But in actual operation, after careful analysis of some things, when there is no possibility of turning around, the only choice is to admit the reality and choose to retreat. Therefore,

Perseverance and giving up are not contradictory, they are complementary and can complement each other.

Regarding the supernatural creature, a dragon, recorded in ancient Chinese legends, "Han Feizi. Talking about Difficulties" has the following description: The dragon has a very docile temperament, and people can get close to it and even use it as their own mount. However, if

If someone touches the inverse scales about a foot long under its throat, it will definitely get angry and even hurt people to death. It can be seen that the taboos of dragons should not be touched randomly. In fact, not only dragons have their own taboos.

Everyone in the world has their own taboos, which are often referred to as "shortcomings" or "pain points."

Generally speaking, people with a certain degree of cultivation and noble moral character will never expose the shortcomings of others. Such examples can be found everywhere in history. According to "Feng's Hearing and Seeing Records" written by Feng Yan of the Tang Dynasty, he once served as an inspector of the Tang Dynasty

Cheng Hao, one of the Xing Na doctors, never talks about other people's shortcomings. Whenever someone among his friends speaks ill of others, he never joins in. He also says, "This is all nonsense, but it's not true."
Chapter completed!