Lu Buwei (?-235 BC), a famous merchant in Wei State at the end of the Warring States Period, later became the prime minister, politician, thinker of Qin State, and a native of Puyang, Wei State (now Puyang, Henan Province). Lu Buwei was a great merchant in Yangdi (now Yuzhou City, Henan Province). His hometown was Dalu Street in the south of the city. He traveled to and from all over the country, bought at low prices and sold at high prices, so he accumulated a fortune of a thousand gold coins. He was famous for his "strange goods to live in". He assisted King Zhuangxiang of Qin ascended the throne and served as the prime minister of Qin State for thirteen years. His disciples had 3,000 visitors. Lu Buwei organized his disciples to compile the famous "Lüshi Chunqiu" (also known as "Lu Lan"), and he was also a representative figure of the thoughts of miscellaneous families.

Life Introduction

Lu Buwei was born in Puyang, Wei State and worked in Yangdi, South Korea. He "has been rich in his family" because of his "selling cheaply and selling expensively."

While doing business in Handan, Zhao State, he accidentally met the Qin royal family. Sun Yiren (later renamed Chu) who was in Handan. He believed that "superior goods can be lived in", so he gave a lot of money to support him and went west to Xianyang, lobbying the Qin Crown Prince An Guojun to favor Ji Huayang's wife and make his son Chu the legitimate heir. Later, Zi Chu and Lu Buwei fled to Qin State. In 251 BC, King Zhaoxiang of Qin died, and Prince An Guojun succeeded to the throne and became King Xiaowen of Qin. One year after his death, the crown prince Chu succeeded to the throne, and was King Zhuangxiang of Qin. He appointed Lu Buwei as prime minister, and was named Wenxin Hou, and ate 100,000 households in Luoyang, Henan. Three years later, King Zhuangxiang of Qin died of illness. The young crown prince Zheng made him king, respected Lu Buwei as prime minister, known as "Zhongfu", and arbitrarily ruled the government.

During the reign of Lu Buwei, he organized his disciples to compile the famous "Lüshi Chunqiu", also known as "Lü Lan". There are eight books, six theories, and a total of more than 200,000 words in the twelve periods. They combined the theories of various schools of pre-Qin, "both Confucianism and Mohism, and combined with the names of Law", so they are called "Miscellaneous Family". On the day of the book's completion, it was hung in the country's gates, claiming that those who could change a character would be rewarded with a thousand gold. This is the source of the idiom "one character would be a thousand gold". When he was in power, he captured the land of Zhou, Zhao, and Wei, established Sanchuan, Taiyuan, and Dongjun, which made a significant contribution to the cause of Qin Wangzheng's annexation of the six countries. Later, he was implicated in the rebellion of the Lao Ai group and was removed from the position of prime minister and resided in Henan. Soon, Qin Wangzheng returned to his family and moved to Shu. Lu Buwei was afraid of being killed, so he died of drinking poison. (Translated from "Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Lu Buwei")

original

Lu Buwei was a great merchant from Yangdi. He was selling cheap and expensive, and his family was rich.

In the forty years of King Zhao of Qin, the crown prince died. In the forty-two years, he appointed his second son An Guojun as the crown prince. An Guojun had more than 20 sons. An Guojun loved Ji very much and established him as the wife of the righteous, and called him Lady Huayang. Lady Huayang had no son. Among the men of An Guojun, the mother of Zi Chu was named Zi Chu, and Zi Chu's mother was called Xia Ji, so don't love Zi Chu. Zi Chu was the host of Qin. Qin attacked Zhao several times, but Zhao was not very polite to Zi Chu.

Zi Chu, the common people of Qin, was possessed by the princes, and the carriage was not spared, and they lived in a difficult place, and they were not satisfied. Lu Buwei and Handan saw him and pity him, saying, "This is a strange goods that can be lived in." So he went to see Zi Chu and said, "I can be the gate of my eldest son." Zi Chu smiled and said, "Let's go from the gate of the great king, and it's my eldest son!" Lu Buwei said, "I don't know, my door is waiting for my eldest son and I'm big." Zi Chu knew what he said, so he led him to sit down and said, "The King of Qin is old, and the king of An Guo has become the crown prince. I heard that An Guojun loves to be the wife of Huayang. Lady Huayang has no son and can establish a

The only one who succeeds is Mrs. Huayang. Now his son has more than 20 brothers, and his son is in the middle. He is not very lucky. He has been appointed as the prince for a long time. When the king died, the king of Anguo made him the king. Then the son would not have been able to fight with his eldest son and his sons in the former to become the crown prince. Zichu said, "How about you?" Lu Buwei said, "I am poor and I am visiting here, so I don't have to offer you to relatives and make guests. Although Buwei was poor, I asked to give you a thousand gold to your son to travel the west, and serve Anguo and Lady Huayang, and make your son the heir." Zichu then paused his head and said, "It must be like the king's plan, and I'll ask to share with you with Qin."

Lu Buwei then used 500 gold to Zichu for use and made guests. He then bought 500 gold to play with strange things, and went to Qin to visit the sister of Huayang, and all offered them to Mrs. Huayang. He said that Zichu was wise and wise, and made guests all over the world. He often said, "Chu also regards the wife as the heaven, and cried day and night to think of the prince and the wife." The wife was very happy. Buwei asked his sister to say to his wife, "I heard that those who serve people with their colors have weak colors and their love has been relaxed. Now the wife serves the prince, and she loves them very much but has no children. He does not make a fuck among the sons at this time, and he is filial to them. He is respectful and respectful. After a hundred years, the son will be the king and will never lose power. This is what is called the benefit of one word for the whole world.

.Don't lay the foundation for the prosperity, even if the beauty is weak and love is relaxed, can you still get it even if you want to open a word? Now Zi Chu is wise, but he knows that he is a middle-aged man, and then he is not lucky. He is not lucky. He attached himself to his wife. The wife really thinks that this time is suitable for him, and the wife will be favored by Qin in the world." Mrs. Huayang agreed and calmly told the prince that Zi Chu was qualified to be a virtuous person in Zhao, and everyone who came and went praised him. So she cried and said, "I am lucky to be a pledge, but unfortunately I have no son. I wish to get Zi Chu to be a heir and beg me to be a heir." The king of An Guo promised him, and then carved a jade talisman with his wife and made an appointment with him to be a heir. The king of An Guo and his wife gave him a generous gift to Zi Chu, and asked Lu Buwei to give him a helping master. Zi Chu became more and more famous among the princes with this reputation.

Lu Buwei took the Ji Ji of Handan and lived with him. Zi Chu never drank, but said that when he saw him, he was a long time and asked him for him. Lu Buwei was angry and thought that he had already broken his family and became Zi Chu. He wanted to catch a fishing ceremony, so he offered his concubine. Ji gave birth to Zi Zheng. Zi Chu then made Ji his wife.

In the fifty year of King Zhao of Qin, he sent King Qi to besiege Handan. Zhao wanted to kill his son Chu. Zi Chu and Lu Buwei plotted against him and took 600 jin of gold to guard the officials. He was killed and went to Qin army. He was then able to return. Zhao wanted to kill his wife, but his wife Zhao Hao's daughter was a daughter, and his mother and son were buried. In the fifty-sixth year of King Zhao of Qin, the crown prince An Guojun was appointed as king, Huayang's wife was the queen, and Zi Chu became the crown prince. Zhao also took over Zi Chu and his son Zheng to return to Qin. The first year of King Qin was established, and he died, and was posthumously named King Xiaowen. The crown prince was established as King Chu, who was appointed as Queen of Huayang, and was the queen of Huayang, and his true mother Xia Jizun thought it was Empress Xia. In the first year of King Zhuangxiang, Lu Buwei was appointed as Marquis of Wenxin, and ate 100,000 households in Luoyang, Henan.

After the third year of King Zhuangxiang ascended the throne, he died. The crown prince Zheng made him king and respected Lu Buwei as prime minister, and was known as "Zhongfu". The King of Qin was young, and the queen mother always had an affair with Lu Buwei. The family members of Buwei were tens of thousands of servants.

At that time, there were Xinling Lords in Wei, Chunshen Lords in Chu, Pingyuan Lords in Zhao, and Mengchang Lords in Qi, all the subordinates liked guests to be inclined to each other. Lu Buwei was so ashamed that Qin was not ashamed, and he also attracted scholars and met them well. At that time, there were many debaters, such as Xun Qing, who wrote books to the world. Lu Buwei then asked his guests to write what they heard, and collected the discussions and said that it was eight views, six views, twelve periods, and more than 200,000 words. He thought that he prepared the affairs of the ancient and modern things of the world, and called "Lüshi Chunqiu". He built the Xianyang City Gate, and hung a thousand gold above it. He was invited to visit the princes and guests who could add one word to a thousand gold.

The First Emperor became stronger and the Empress Dowager was still lustful. Lu Buwei was afraid that the disaster would affect him, so he asked Dayin man Lao Ai to be a sacrificial man. At that time, he advocated joy and asked Wu Ai to go on the tung wheel of Yinguan. The empress dowager heard that he wanted to get it. Lu Buwei then went to Lao Ai and deceived people to tell him for corruption. Buwei also said to the Empress Dowager: "If you can do things to be corrupt, you will be given to the minister." The Empress Dowager was so mean to give him a corruption official, and he deceived his beard and a prostitute, so he was able to serve the Empress Dowager. The Empress Dowager had a private relationship with him and was dismissed to love him. He was afraid that people would know him, so he deceived to avoid him. He moved to the palace to Yong. Lao Ai always followed him, and the rewards were very strong, and all the matters were determined by Lao Ai. Lao Ai had thousands of servants, and the guests asked him to be a sacrificial servant to be a sacrificial servant.

In the seventh year of Emperor Shihuang, Queen Mother Xia of the Queen Mother of Zhuangxiang passed away. Queen Xiaowen called Queen Mother Huayang and met with King Xiaowen to buried Shouling. Queen Mother of Xia's son, King Zhuangxiang, buried Zhiyang, so Queen Mother Xia was separated and buried Du Dong, saying, "Looking east to my son and looking west to my husband. A hundred years later, there will be tens of thousands of families next to me."

In the ninth year of Emperor Shihuang, someone told Lao Ai that he was not an official, so he often had a private dispute with the empress dowager. He had two sons and hid him. He conspired with the empress dowager and said, "The king died immediately and regarded his son as the queen." So the king of Qin went to the administration of the official position and found out that he had a true love. The prime minister Lu Buwei was involved in the matter. In September, the three tribes of Yi Lao Ai killed the two sons born by the empress dowager, and then moved the empress dowager to Yong. All the laureates of Lao Ai lost their homes and moved to Shu. The king wanted to kill the prime minister, and he was very good at serving the former king, and the guests and debaters were lobbyists. The king could not bear to write a Dharma.

In October of the tenth year of the Qin King, he was dismissed from the prime minister, Lu Buwei. When Mao Jiao, a native of Qi, he talked about the King of Qin. The King of Qin welcomed the Queen Mother to Yong and returned to Xianyang, and then came out to the Marquis of Wenxin to visit Henan.

After more than a year, the princes and guests and envoys looked at each other in the Tao and asked the Marquis of Wenxin. The King of Qin was afraid that the change would happen, so he gave the Marquis of Wenxin. "Why is the master of Qin? Qin enfeoffed the king in Henan and ate 100,000 households. Why are you close to Qin? He and his family moved to Shu!" Lu Buwei conquered himself and was afraid of being killed, so he drank poison and died. The King of Qin was angry with Lu Buwei, and Lao Ai was all dead, so he returned to Lao Ai's house and moved to Shu.

In the 19th year of Emperor Qin Shihuang, the Empress Dowager died and was posthumously named Empress Dowager. He was buried with King Zhuangxiang.

The Grand Historian said: Buwei and Lao Ai Gui were named Wen Xinhou. When the man told Lao Ai, he heard about it. The King of Qin checked the left and right, but it was not released. On Yongjiao, Wu Ai was afraid that the disaster would occur, so he plotted with the party and asked the Empress Dowager to seal the seal to rebel against the Qinian Palace. The officials attacked Wu Ai, but Wu Ai was defeated and died. He was so fond of his pursuit that he destroyed his ancestral clan. But Lu Buwei was thus dismissed. What Confucius called "report" was Lu Zi?

Translation: Lu Buwei was a big businessman in Yangdi. He traveled around the world, bought at low prices and sold at high prices, so he accumulated a fortune of a thousand gold coins.

In the forty years of King Zhao of Qin (267 BC), the prince mourned his death in Wei State and was transported back to the state to be buried in Zhiyang. In the forty-second year of King Zhao (265 BC), his second son, An Guojun, was made the crown prince. An Guojun had more than 20 sons. An Guojun had a very favored concubine, who made her a wife, and called her Lady Huayang. Lady Huayang had no son. An Guojun had a son named Zichu, and Zichu's mother was named Xia Ji, who was not favored. Zichu was sent to Zhao as a hostage to Qin. Qin attacked Zhao many times, and Zhao did not treat Zichu with courtesy.

Zichu is the grandson of the Qin King. He was a hostage in Zhao State. He was not rich in carriages and horses and daily income. He was in a difficult life and was very unsatisfied. Lu Buwei went to Handan to do business. When he saw Zichu, he liked it very much and said, "Zichu is like a rare item, which can be stockpiled and sold at a high price" (the idiom "Single goods are available for sale). So he went to visit Zichu and lobbyed to him, "I can promote your family." Zichu smiled and said, "You can promote your family first, and then come to promote my family!" Lu Buwei said, "You don't understand, my family must wait for your family to expand before it can be promoted." Zichu knew what Lu Buwei meant, so he pulled him to sit together and talk in depth. Lu Buwei said, "The King of Qin is old, and An Guojun was made the crown prince. I heard in private that An Guojun is very fond of Mrs. Huayang, Mrs. Huayang has no son, and only Mrs. Huayang can choose the crown prince. Now your brothers have more than 20 people, and you are in the middle, and you are not favored by the King of Qin and have been left as hostages in the vassal states for a long time. Even if the King of Qin dies and the King of An ascends to the throne, don’t expect to compete with your elder brother and other brothers who are around the King of Qin sooner or later to compete with the crown prince.” Zichu said: “That’s true, but what should I do?” Lu Buwei said: “You are very poor and embarrassed, and you live here, so I can’t give you anything to my relatives and make friends with guests. Although I, Lu Buwei, are not rich, I am willing to give you a thousand gold to go to Qin to lobby for you, serve An Guojun and Mrs. Huayang, and let them make you the crown prince.” Zichu then kowtowed and thanked: “If your plan is realized, I am willing to share the land of Qin with you.”

Lu Buwei then took out 500 gold to give it to Zichu for daily life and to make guests. He also took out 500 gold to buy rare toys and took him to Qin to lobby. He first met Mrs. Huayang's younger brother Yang Quanjun and sister, and presented all the things he brought to Mrs. Huayang. By the way, he talked about Zichu's cleverness and wiseness and made friends with him, and often said, "My Zichu regards his wife as heaven, and cries day and night to miss the princes and wife." The lady was very happy. Lu Buwei took the opportunity to ask Mrs. Huayang's sister.

My sister advised Mrs. Huayang, "I heard that those who use beauty to serve others will be reduced once their beauty is declining. Now, you serve the prince very much, but you have no son. Don't make friends with a talented and filial person among the prince's sons earlier, and make him the heir and treat him like a biological son. Then your husband is respected when he is alive, and after his husband dies, he will succeed to the throne and become king, and he will not lose power in the end. This is what people say, "You can get it forever."

Benefits. It is not to establish the foundation when the appearance is beautiful. If you wait until your appearance is exhausted and your love is lost, even if you want to say something to the prince, is it possible? Now Zichu is wise and he knows that he cannot be appointed as the heir in order. And his biological mother is not favored, so he will take the initiative to rely on his wife. If the wife can really promote him as the heir at this time, then you will be respected and favored in Qin throughout your life." After hearing this, Mrs. Huayang thought this was the case, so she took advantage of the prince's side.

When he was in a tactful manner, he talked about Zichu who was hostage in Zhao State very talented, and everyone who came and went to praise him. Then he cried and said, "I am lucky to be able to fill in the **, but unfortunately I don't have a son. I hope to make Zichu the heir so that I can have a support in the future." After An Guojun agreed, he carved a jade talisman with his wife and decided to make Zichu the heir. An Guojun and Huayang both gave Zichu many gifts and asked Lu Buwei to be his teacher. Therefore, Zichu's reputation became increasingly greater among the princes.

Lu Buwei chose a very beautiful and good at dancing woman in Handan to live together until she was pregnant. Zichu once drank with Lu Buwei. When she saw this woman, she liked her very much, so she stood up and toasted Lu Buwei and asked to give her this woman to him. Lu Buwei was very angry, but then she thought that she had spent a lot of family property for Zichu to catch a rare item, so she gave up the woman. The woman concealed that she was pregnant. After twelve months, she gave birth to her son Ming Zheng. Zichu made this girl the wife.

In the fiftieth year of King Zhao of Qin (257 BC), he sent Wang Qi to besiege Handan. The situation was very urgent. Zhao State wanted to kill Zichu. Zichu conspired with Lu Buwei and gave it to the city-guarding officials. He was able to escape and flee to the Qin army camp, so he was able to return home smoothly. Zhao State wanted to kill Zichu's wife and son, and because Zichu's wife was the daughter of a wealthy family in Zhao State, he was able to hide it. Therefore, the mother and son survived. In the fifty-sixth year of King Zhao of Qin (251 BC), Zhao State passed away, and the prince An Guojun succeeded to the throne as king, Huayang as queen, and Zichu was crowned prince. Zhao State also escorted Zichu's wife and son Zhao Zheng back to Qin State.

After the throne of Qin, An Guojun succeeded to the throne. After one year of mourning, he died of illness after only three days of his crown. His posthumous title was King Xiaowen. Zi Chu succeeded to the throne, and he was King Zhuangxiang of Qin. King Zhuangxiang, who was regarded as his mother, was the Queen of Huayang, and his biological mother Xia Ji was respected as Queen Xia. In the first year of King Zhuangxiang (249 BC), Lu Buwei appointed as prime minister and was granted the title of Marquis of Wenxin. One hundred thousand households in Luoyang, Henan were his fief.

Three years after King Zhuangxiang ascended the throne, the crown prince Zhao Zheng succeeded to be the king, respecting Lu Buwei as prime minister, and calling him "Zhongfu". The King of Qin was still young, and the empress dowager often had an affair with Lu Buwei. Lu Buwei's family had tens of slaves. At that time, the state of Wei had Xinling, Chu had Chunshen, Zhao had Pingyuan, and Qi had Mengchang, they were all respectful to the wise and the nobles and made friends with guests. They had to compete for the superiors and inferiors in this regard. Lu Buwei believed that Qin was so powerful and regarded it as a shameful thing, so he also attracted scholars and gave them generous treatment. There were as many as 3,000 diners under the vassals. At that time, there were many talented and evangelical people in various vassal states, such as Xun Qing, who wrote books and preached the world. Lu Buwei ordered his diners to record what they saw and heard, and combined them into eight books, six theories, and twelve centuries, with a total of more than 200,000 words. He believed that it included the affairs of all things in the world and the world, so he was called "Lüshi Chunqiu". He also published it on the gate of Xianyang, with a bounty of a thousand gold hanging on it, and invited guests from all the princes and countries to add a word, and would give a reward of one thousand gold.

The king of Qin became increasingly powerful, but the empress dowager kept going. Lu Buwei was afraid that the matter would be exposed and disaster would come to him, so he secretly sought a very big man, Lao Ai (làoǎi, Luo Ai), as a guest. He asked the actors to sing and dance from time to time, and ordered Lao Ai to use his penis to wear on the tangerine wood wheel to make it turn, and wanted the empress dowager to know about the matter and seduce her with this matter. After hearing this, the empress dowager really wanted to possess him in secret. Lu Buwei offered Lao Ai and pretended to let someone report that he had committed the crime of being castrated. Lu Buwei secretly said to the empress dowager: "You can let Lao Ai pretend to be castrated, He can get him among the people who serve in the palace." The empress dowager secretly gave many things to the officials who presided over the castration, pretending to punish Lao Ai, and removing his beard and pretending to be an eunuch, so that he could serve the empress dowager. The empress dowager secretly committed adultery with him and loved him very much. Later, the empress dowager became pregnant, and I was afraid that others would know that it was unlucky to tell fortunes and needed to avoid it. So he moved to the palace in Yongdi. Lao Ai always followed the empress dowager and received very generous rewards, and the empress dowager decided by Lao Ai in everything. There were thousands of servants of Lao Ai, and there were thousands of people who wanted to be officials and volunteered to become Lao Ai's disciples.

In the seventh year of King Zheng of Qin (240 BC), Queen Mother Xia, the biological mother of King Zhuangxiang, passed away. Queen Xiaowen was named Empress Dowager Huayang and was buried together with King Xiaowen in Shouling. Queen Mother Xia's son King Zhuangxiang was buried in Zhiyang, so Queen Mother Xia was buried alone in Duyuan East, saying, "You can see my son to the east and my husband to the west. A hundred years later, there will definitely be a city with tens of thousands of households next to you."

In the ninth year of King Zheng of Qin (238 BC), someone reported that Lao Ai was not actually a eunuch. He often had an affair with the queen mother and gave birth to two sons, both of whom hid them, and conspired with the queen mother that "if the Qin king dies, he will make this son succeed to the throne." So the Qin king ordered the judge to investigate the matter strictly and clarify the truth, which implicated the Prime Minister Lu Buwei. In September of that year, he killed all the three tribes of the Lao Ai family, killed the two sons born by the queen mother, and moved the queen mother to Yongdi to live. In October of the tenth year of King Zheng of Qin (237 BC), Lu Buwei was removed from his position as prime minister. When the Qi man Mao Jiao persuaded the Qin king, the Qin king went to Yongdi to welcome the queen mother and returned to Xianyang, but sent Lu Buwei out of the capital and to the fiefdom in Henan.

More than a year later, guests and envoys from various vassal states came to greet Lu Buwei. The King of Qin was afraid that he would launch a rebellion, so he wrote to Lu Buwei and said, "What are your contributions to Qin? Qin has conferred you in Henan with a fief of 100,000 households. What blood relationship do you have with the King of Qin? He is known as Zhongfu. You and your family have moved to Shu to live!" When Lu Buwei thought that he had been gradually forced and was afraid of being killed in the future, he drank poisonous wine and committed suicide. Lu Buwei, whom the King of Qin hated, had all died, so he let the Lao Ai disciples who moved to Shu return to the capital.

In the 19th year of King Zheng of Qin (229 BC), the empress dowager died and was posthumously named Empress Dowager. She was buried with King Zhuangxiang in Zhiyang.

The Grand Historian said: Lu Buwei led and Lao Ai Guixian, and Lu Buwei was named Wen Xinhou. Someone reported to Lao Ai. Lao Ai heard about this. Qin Shihuang investigated the matter, but the matter was not revealed. The King of Qin went to Yongdi to worship the sky. Lao Ai was afraid that the disaster would come, so he conspired with his close friends and accomplices to steal the seal of the empress dowager and mobilized soldiers to rebel in Qinian Palace. The King of Qin mobilized officers and soldiers to attack Lao Ai. Lao Ai failed and fled. He chased him and beheaded him, and he killed all his family. Lu Buwei was also demoted. The "news" mentioned by Confucius refers to people like Lu Buwei.

Edit this section Historical Evaluation In Chinese history, Lu Buwei is not as famous as those emperors with outstanding fame, such as Qin Shihuang and Emperor Wu of Han, nor is it as good as Zhuge Liang, a virtuous prime minister of the generation. In people's minds, Lu Buwei is a controversial figure, and it is even difficult to explain it clearly in one or two sentences. However, if Lu Buwei is placed in the Warring States Period when he lived, he will find that Lu Buwei is actually a person who has contributed to the development of Chinese history. His life has shining points, dark sides, merits, and experiences.

Lu Buwei's achievements are mainly reflected in: First, he created Yi people as his legitimate heirs and stabilized the Qin royal family. Yi people's grandfather, King Zhao of Qin, was an old king who had been in power for more than 50 years. His father An Guojun was an old prince in his 50s. An Guojun had more than 20 sons, but he had not established a legitimate heir for a long time. This situation in the royal family lurked with great uneasiness. Once the sons fought for the throne, it would lead to chaos in Qin and even reverse the situation in Qin. Lu Buwei lobbled the Qin State, opened up the joints and persuaded him. Lady Huayang and she convinced An Guojun to establish Yiren as the legitimate heir. Although Lu Buwei's move had the purpose of political speculation, he made Yiren as the legitimate heir to stabilize the Qin royal family, so that there would be no civil strife in the royal family after the death of the Qin King. In addition, Lu Buwei assisted Yiren with the position of prime minister and grasped the government affairs, so that Qin did not stop after King Zhao of Qin and An Guojun died, and continued to develop, maintaining a high-pressure situation for the six eastern countries, and accelerating the pace of unifying the six countries. From this perspective, Lu Buwei contributed to the development of Chinese history.

Second, foreign wars pay attention to strategies, avoid tough battles, and fierce battles. A history of the Warring States Period, wars are endless from beginning to end, and the number of casualties in a war is often more than hundreds of thousands. In 260 BC, in the Battle of Changping of Qin and Zhao, 400,000 prisoners of war in Zhao State were killed! This battle was one of the most tragic wars in ancient times. At that time, Lu Buwei was in Handan and experienced the trauma caused to Zhao State. After Qin State came to power, he opposed large-scale massacres in the war. He proposed the idea of ​​promoting "Yi Soldiers". The so-called Yi Soldiers means that "the soldiers enter the enemy's territory, and the people will know that they will not die. As for the suburbs of the capital, they will not abuse grains, dig graves, cut down trees, burn accumulations, burn houses, and take six animals, and get the people and return."

It should be said that Lu Buwei's view of war was progressive. He tried his best to avoid head-on wars during his rule to reduce losses. In 247 BC, the five Eastern countries jointly fought against Qin, and Lu Buwei designed to ruin the relationship between the leader of the coalition army, Xinlingjun and the King of Wei. Xinlingjun was dismissed and the coalition army collapsed.

Lu Buwei builds Luoyang Nan Palace

At the end of the Warring States Period, the scope of "Henan" and "Luoyang" included the Yellow River, Luo River and Yihe, which were the two basic points of the Royal City and Chengzhou City. After the fall of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Qin established the Luoyang County in Chengzhou City and Henan County in the Royal City. The place was densely populated and developed, and both were the fiefs of Lu Buwei. He built a large palace here, repaired it based on Chengzhou City in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and expanded it to the south, thus forming the shape and scale of the city's "six miles east and west, nine miles north and south". This restoration should have been carried out when Qin established Sanchuan County, Luoyang County, and Lu Buwei enthroned Luoyang. Qin Luoyang City laid the foundation for Luoyang City in the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties.

Edit this section of the Tomb of Lu Buwei

The tomb of Lu Buwei is located in the east of Dazhongtou Village, Nancaizhuang, Yanshi City, about 20 kilometers east of Luoyang City.

After Lu Buwei's death, his disciples were afraid of the King of Qin and were called the tomb of Lu Mother at that time, so the King of Qin sent people to find Lu Buwei's tomb without finding anything.

Edit this section: A strange man in China. In Chinese history, there is a character who needs to be written in capital. He is Lu Buwei, who was born as a businessman in the late Warring States Period. As a businessman, he set a precedent for merchants to enter politics, and it is not an exaggeration to say that he changed Chinese history. As the largest speculator in history, although thousands of years have passed, his life experience has a great influence on future generations. Even in modern society, his power, public relations, self-hype advertising and other practices are still relatively avant-garde and a role model for those who dream of success. Although there will be people who oppose Lu Buwei as a hero, he is definitely a strange man in the ages.

The originator of businessman succeeds in doing business

Although Tao Zhugong Fan Li was well-known in business, he was regarded as a symbol of the rich and was always regarded as the ancestor of merchants by later generations. Before doing business, Fan Li was a general of King Goujian of Yue. After retiring, he would definitely have considerable gold and silver as capital for business. Therefore, Fan Li had objective conditions for his success in business. On the contrary, Lu Buwei started from scratch and became the richest man in Handan, the capital of Zhao State at a young age. In comparison, it was more appropriate to regard Lu Buwei as the originator of merchants.

How Lu Buwei, who started from scratch, got his first pot of gold was still unverified, but he became the richest man in a country at the age of not getting married. He definitely could not be achieved by selling vegetables and selling a few meat buns. Combining history and the geographical location of Zhao State at that time, analyzing Lu Buwei's way of making money is also very inspiring to contemporary people. From this we can also see that his business genius is worthy of the title of the founder of businessmen.

Theory of rare goods

Lu Buwei was good at entering cheaply and leaving expensively, which is the minimum commercial theory. It is difficult to make a fortune by relying solely on this point. His theory of being able to make a fortune is the key to his fortune. He could use a person (the son of An Guojun, who was later King Zhuangxiang of Qin. He was sent to Zhao as a hostage at that time, and was called the Proton Indian.) as a hoarding of goods. What else can he do if he could not do? At least one thing is certain here. Lu Buwei's original capital accumulation must have been accumulated through shameful transactions. Whether there was any illegal financing remains to be verified, but I believe that those who sell private salt and smuggled jewelry were indispensable, because in Zhao State at that time, these were all strange goods.

The first person in international trade

Lu Buwei was a member of Wei in the late Warring States Period, but Wei was a small country with an underdeveloped economy, so he developed commodity trade to Zhao State and built the company headquarters in Zhao State. At that time, Zhao State was a major transportation route for various vassal states, with celebrities from various countries gathering and relatively developed economy. Lu Buwei, who went abroad, chose Zhao State as his export trading country, which not only made Lu Buwei the first person to explore international trade in history, but also could see his unique economic vision.

The pioneer of collusion between officials and businessmen

Lu Buwei, who was good at packaging himself, in order to reach the peak of his business and have close ties with the nobles, most of the people who came to Lufu were high-ranking officials and nobles from Zhao State, and diplomatic envoys from various countries were also frequent visitors to Lufu, which gave his business a close connection with the officialdom. While expanding his popularity, he also provided more opportunities for his business development. The business method he pioneered in the cooperation between businessmen and officialdom is still regarded by many successful businessmen as the first choice for success.

From the above three points, it is not difficult to see that Lu Buwei should indeed be the originator of businessmen.

Everyone knows that in ancient times, merchants had a relatively low status. No matter how many gold, silver and treasures the merchants had, those high-ranking officials, nobles, literati and scholars were disdainful to him, and it was difficult to be elegant. In order to change his status, Lu Buwei decided to abandon business and go to politics to achieve the goal of becoming a noble. In the environment at that time, it was difficult for a businessman to achieve this step, but for Lu Buwei, it was easy to succeed and set a precedent for merchants to enter politics.

As a businessman, if Lu Buwei wants to succeed in politics, it is difficult to achieve great success by simply building relationships. Therefore, he decided to apply the business theory and political power schemes that are rare and affordable, and start directly from the top, and take the Qin proton Yiren as his own ladder to enter the upper level. While spending huge amounts of money to package the proton, he also acted in a beautiful plan, giving his beloved woman the Proton Yiren as his wife, so as to win the favor of the Proton Yiren. This method of directly taking the upper level and engaging in the offensive of the money beauty is still imitated by everyone.

After pulling the Qin Proton Yiren into his arms, Lu Buwei, with his huge financial resources, came to Xianyang, the capital of Qin, to make upper-class relations everywhere, and vigorously promoted the ability to hype the Proton Yiren; and knew the importance of pillow style. He bribed the Qin King's favored Lady Huayang with a large sum of gold, silver and treasures, and successfully made the Proton Yiren ascend to the throne of the Qin King. After the young Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, Lu Buwei also achieved the purpose of infiltrating the upper class and became the prime minister with a powerful government and an important success. As a businessman, it can be said that he was unprecedented and no one to come. Contemporary successful people in business have a hobby of politics, and they cannot deny the influence of Lu Buwei on them.

The most successful cultural communication agent, Lu Buwei, had power and gold and silver, but he was still not satisfied because his knowledge was too shallow. Although he was the prime minister, he was still afraid of being looked down upon by future literati scholars and destroying his reputation for life. This was the thing he most reluctant to see. For Lu Buwei, who was not very ink, it was not easy to become a cultural person by writing books, but it was not difficult for Lu Buwei. In order to enter the cultural circle and become a literati bachelor, Lu Buwei hired thousands of scholars with great knowledge and established the Lu Literature Academy, and specially wrote the "Lüshi Chunqiu" named after his surname. This classic work that was famous for its generation and could not be changed by a word, also brought Lu Buwei's career to the peak.

Lu Buwei, the ancestor of the advertising industry, not only understood the importance of publicity, but also knew the great role of hype and hype. Even contemporary advertising masters would definitely admire Lu Buwei's forward-looking consciousness in the advertising industry. Not to mention how he packaged the Proton Yiren and made the cowardly Proton Yiren the leader of a country, just because of his hype promotion after the book "Lüshi Chunqiu", it really made future generations feel ashamed of themselves.

Lu Buwei's act of offering a reward of a thousand gold medals to modify the word "Lüshi Chunqiu" has been misunderstood for thousands of years, thinking that he was to show the excellence of this book, but in fact this view is a big mistake and a special mistake. From the perspective of modern people, the purpose of Lu Buwei's move was entirely for the hype and publicity of the book "Lüshi Chunqiu". Lu Buwei had such a forward-looking consciousness thousands of years ago and was respected as the ancestor of the advertising industry.

In short, as a person who lived thousands of years ago, looking at Lu Buwei's life, many of his views and ways of doing things were that in modern times, they were still relatively advanced. Even some so-called successful people in the contemporary era still had the shadow of Lu Buwei on their path to success. From then on, we can also see that Lu Buwei was indeed a strange man of the ages. However, Lu Buwei, who had been successful for a lifetime, did not retreat like Fan Li, after his career reached its peak, and finally ended up committing suicide. This is also the biggest lesson Lu Buwei left to us successful people, and it is also the most worthy of those successful people thinking twice.

Small business is in the people

China and business are in politics

The big business is in the country

Edit this section, Lu Buwei organized his disciples to edit "Lü Buwei's Spring and Autumn". This is the period when Lu Buwei was in power.

"Lüshi Chunqiu"

A major thing I did during this period. Among the works of the pre-Qin philosophers, "Lüshi Chunqiu" was listed as a miscellaneous school. In fact, this "miscellaneous" is not messy, but inclusive, learning from the strengths of many families, and using his own dominant ideas to run through it. This book is centered on Huang-Lao's thoughts, "both Confucian and Mohism, and in combination with the law", and advocates the implementation of inaction and governance under the centralization of the monarchs, let nature take its course, and do everything without doing anything. Using this idea to govern the country is very beneficial to alleviate social contradictions, enable the people to have rest and recuperate, and restore economic development.

The compilation of "Lüshi Chunqiu" by Lu Buwei was not only his program of governing the country, but also provided a reference for Qin Shihuang who was about to take charge of his rule. Unfortunately, due to Lu Buwei's personal faults, Qin Shihuang abandoned this book and did not play his due role. The value of "Lüshi Chunqiu" was gradually understood by future generations and became an important material for understanding the thoughts of various philosophers in the Warring States Period.

Speaking of Lu Buwei's mistakes, it is that he is not neat and neat in handling his relationship with Zhao Ji, and he breaks it up in one stroke, resulting in a disaster. Originally, he gave Zhao Ji to Yiren, who was called king and Zhao Ji was the queen. As the prime minister, Lu Buwei should have completely settled his relationship with Zhao Ji, and each got his place and had nothing to do with him. However, he was still deeply in love with Zhao Ji, and Zhao Ji was reluctant to leave him. Especially after Yiren's death

Zhao Ji was a widow, and the two were even more like firewood encountering fire, and even turned into broad daylight, unscrupulous! What did this make the increasingly sensible Qin Wangzheng think? What did this make the court officials and the people think? The shrewd Lu Buwei later found that he had already caused trouble, "fearing that the disaster would affect himself", so he took the initiative to stop his contact with the empress dowager, but he also recommended Lao Ai, a native of Dayin, but he led the wolf into the house, making mistakes again and again, and finally ended up in a catastrophe.

Throughout Lu Buwei's life, he did not make any mistakes in the major policies of governing the country and was a master of politics; but he lost his rationality and lost his direction in the small circle of emotions, resulting in a disgrace, which is thought-provoking.
Chapter completed!