PS: The second update is here! The introduction to the Opium War in this chapter quotes historical materials, and there are some historical materials in the subsequent chapter, so I hope the book friends can understand it.

After the Congress passed the war resolution, the British government immediately took action. If the British sent troops from the British mainland to the Far East, the journey would be too far. Fortunately, the British army stationed a large number of troops in India. In order to maintain the British rule in India, the British army deployed more than 100,000 Indian troops! Among them, the British army accounted for 40%, and the other troops were indigenous troops recruited from India. In terms of the naval, the British Royal Navy Indian Ocean Fleet is the most powerful fleet among the British Royal Navy, except for the local fleet and the Mediterranean fleet!

In early February 1840, after research, the British Admiralty and the Army Department appointed George Elliot and Charlie Elliot as the chief representatives of the plebiscientific power, responsible for the British military retaliation against the Qing Dynasty. Among them, George Elliot was the commander-in-chief of the British army in this operation.

George Elliot was an English nobleman. He was born in 1784 and was trained in the Navy in 1794. He was promoted to Major in 1800. He was promoted to command in 1802. He served as Secretary of the British Navy from 1834 to 1835 and Member of the Navy Committee. He was promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Cape of Hope Fleet in 1837. He served as the British plenipotentiary representative of the invasion of China and the commander-in-chief of the invasion of China in 1840. At the same time, he was also the cousin of Charlie Elliot, Charlie Elliot, who was born in 1801. He was a British nobleman. He joined the navy in 1815 and served in India and Jamaica for many years.1

He was promoted to the rank of Major in 822. From 1830 to 1834, he was appointed as a senior official in Guyana, a British colony, and managed slaves. In July 1834, he accompanied the British government to the first commercial supervisor in Guangzhou as the British government, and served as secretary. In the second year, he served as the third commercial supervisor, and in the same year, he was promoted to the second commercial supervisor. In 1836, he was promoted to the chief commercial supervisor. He had long been oppressing and enslaving the local people in the British colony. After coming to China, he actively engaged in aggression activities, and advocated tough policies against China and was trusted by the British Foreign Secretary Viscount Parmeson.

The deep reason why Britain sent troops was to have the opportunity to trade freely with the huge Chinese market so that it could directly enter the Chinese market. It also hoped that the Qing government could recognize that Britain was an equal country. China regarded itself as a arrogant attitude of the Celestial Empire due to its traditional world order, the tribute system and other non-equal diplomacy. It made Britain unable to tolerate being contemptuous and excluded. China's attitude seemed out of place in the international community that had entered the modern world at that time. Britain regarded China's refusal as a manifestation of backwardness, and some Westerners also had a sense of mission to resort to force to push China into the modern world when necessary, believing that this would bring benefits to both sides. It was the Qing Dynasty's arrogance, ignorance and ignorance that accelerated the outbreak of head-on conflict.

After the British government's order was passed to India, George Elliot led a fleet from India and headed for more than 40 ships led by George Elliot, Guangdong, China, including 16 warships and 28 transport ships. The warships included three third-class battleships, and the rest were fourth- and fifth-class battleships! In addition, in order to prevent the New China Navy, the main force of the British Navy's Indian Ocean Fleet also moved west of the Strait of Malacca to shock the New China Navy. The New China Navy did not dare to act rashly. The army led by George Elliot had more than 4,000 people, including the 18th Royal Irish United, the 26th Scottish Rifle Wing, the 49th Bangladesh United, the Bangladesh Corps and the Madras Corps.

At this time, the Qing government had no idea about the British invasion. Before the war, China had 220,000 Eight Banners and 660,000 Green Camp troops in name or on the list. The Qing army in Zhejiang "has not known the number of ammunitions to be loaded in the artillery position, so the position they usually call the artillery position was a false information and responsibility. It can be summarized. It is the first major artillery to prevent and block the seaside. However, the generals of the camps and towns in Zhejiang Province were preparing for the enemy. Only Lin Liangguang, the guerrillas in the middle camp in Huangyan Town, was still skilled, and there were very few people. The artillery positions in various seakou and the artillery positions were almost useless."

After Lin Zexu was appointed as the imperial envoy, he began to rectify Guangdong's coastal defense, which increased Guangdong's defense a lot. However, except for Guangdong, the coastal defense of other coastal provinces was almost useless.

At the beginning of the war, China only regarded the British army as barbarians and believed that it was not a threat. In June 1840, Elliot, the British commander and plenipotent representative, led troops to the sea surface of Guangzhou. According to the instructions of British Foreign Minister Viscount Bamaitzun, the expeditionary force blocked the Haikou in Guangzhou, Xiamen (now Fujian), and cut off China's overseas trade. In July, it captured Dinghai, Zhejiang (now Zhoushan City) as a stronghold. At this time, except for Guangdong taking a little combat preparation under the supervision of Lin Zexu, the rest of the coastal areas of China were all relaxed. In August, the British ships conquered the city and arrived at Dagukou, Tianjin at an astonishing speed. Emperor Daoguang, who originally advocated war, saw Britain.

The ship approached, and was frightened by the military power and began to shake. On August 20, 1840, Emperor Daoguang criticized the British letter, ordering Qishan to pass on the British to allow trade and punish Lin Zexu, so as to obtain the British ship withdrawal to Guangzhou and send Qishan to Guangzhou for negotiations. At the same time, the British side also had an epidemic epidemic and was about to approach autumn and winter, and agreed to go south to Guangdong for negotiations. In October, Qishan acted as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen were dismissed. In December, Qishan negotiated with Charlie Elliot through a private translator, delaying the time. After the British army headed south, the Qing court ordered the governors of coastal provinces to prepare for defense of Haikou, and ordered the governor of Liangjiang Yilibu to lead troops to eastern Zhejiang to prepare for the recovery of Dinghai.

Charlie Elliot lost his patience and decided to go on a business after the war. On January 7, 1841, the British army suddenly captured the Dajiao and Shajiao Fort at Humen. More than 700 people were killed and injured in the Qing Dynasty, and 11 were killed and injured by the commander ships and tugboats. Qishan was forced to give in and signed the "Windwig-in" Treaty with Elliot on January 25. The first paragraph of the treaty was to cut Hong Kong Island from Britain. The next day, the British army occupied Hong Kong Island. Lin Zexu was sent to Xinjiang. Although he wrote to Emperor Daoguang, he strongly stated that he had to ban smoking and attach importance to coastal defense, which made him denounced as nonsense by Emperor Daoguang. However, the "Windwig-in" Treaty was not approved by the Chinese emperor from beginning to end, and Qishan did not use a seal with a seal, so the treaty had no legal effect.

In December 1840, Qishan and Charlie Elliot began negotiations in Guangdong. Due to the harsh conditions proposed by Britain and the unauthorized signing of Qishan, Emperor Daoguang was dissatisfied. Emperor Daoguang confiscated Qishan's home and dismissed him and sent Yishan, Longwen and Yang Fang to Guangdong to command the battle. On January 7, 1841, the British army was not satisfied with the progress of the negotiations. Elliot took the lead and dispatched the navy and army to capture the first gateway of Humen, Shajiao and Dajiao Fort, and launched the Battle of Humen.

Emperor Daoguang ordered a declaration of war against Britain after hearing the news, and sent Yishan, the Minister of Guards, to be the General Jingni, and sent more than 10,000 troops from all over the country to Guangdong. On February 23, 1841, the troops attacked Humen Fort. Although the troops resisted bravely, they were defeated by the British army. Humen Fort was eventually lost. On February 26, the British army dispatched another naval and army to break through the Humen cross-stage forts and Dahushan Forts, and went straight to Guangzhou through the Pearl River. Guan Tianpei, the governor of the Guangdong Navy, fought hard to die in the country [26]. On May 21, Yishan ordered more than 1,700 naval and army troops to dispatch in a fast ship in the dark, carrying rockets and spray drums, attacking British ships at night, and burning fire. On May 22, 2,400 British troops counterattacked. The Qing army retreated. On May 24, the British army launched an advance against Guangzhou.

Attacked, occupying the shopping malls in the southwest of the city, and landing from the northwest of the city, surrounding the highlands in the northeast of the city, capturing the forts in the northeast of the city, and shelling the city of Guangzhou. All important areas near Guangzhou were lost, and more than 18,000 Qing troops retreated into the city, and the order was in chaos. In this situation, Yishan and others raised white flags to seek peace, accepted the British conditions, and signed the "Guangzhou Peace Treaty". Not only did the British troops not lead their troops to evacuate Guangzhou, but also extorted Guangzhou merchants to pay the British army a 6 million silver dollar redemption fee. During this period, the anti-British atmosphere among the people in Guangzhou was hot, and the atrocities of the British invaders aroused the people in the Sanyuanli area of ​​the northern suburbs of the city to spontaneously armed the people in the Sanyuanli suburbs of the city to fight against Britain. In order not to be punished by the emperor, Yishan falsely reported his military achievements and even said the disastrous defeat of the battle as a great victory.

After the signing of the Treaty of Guangzhou, the war did not end. The British government still felt that Charlie Elliot had too little invasion rights in Guangzhou. In May 1841, the British government denied the "Pannasty Panghuo" and sent the plenipotentiary envoy, Peddian, to China. On August 21, 1841, the British fleet had 10 warships, 4 ships, and 22 transport ships carrying the British Army's 18th Royal Irish Regiment, the 26th Carmelania Infantry Regiment, the 49th Welsh Infantry Regiment, the 55th Westmoreland County Infantry Regiment, the 62nd Punjab Indian Infantry Division, and the 66th Punjab Indian Infantry Division heading north.

From August 25, 1841 to August 27, 1841, Yan Botao, the Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Jiang Jiyun, the General of Kinmen Town, and the Qing army fought with the British army. There were more than 200 artillery gates on the Qing army's artillery [22]. Jiang Jiyun was killed in the battle, and more than 40 Qing army was killed. The British army was injured and killed unknown.

From September 26, 1841 to October 1, 1841, Ge Yunfei, general of Zhenhai Town, Wang Xipeng, general of Shouchun Town, and Zheng Guohong, general of Chuzhou Town, led 5,600 Qing Army [24] to fight with the British army. On October 1, the 55th Westmoreland County Infantry Regiment of the British 55th Westmoreland County, and the 18th Royal Irish Regiment risked their lives to land and advance. The Qing army "was red as the cannon used by the Qing army, so they could not be used to attack." Wang Xipeng, Zheng Guohong, and Ge Yunfei were killed one after another. The British army captured the Qing army's dragon flag. One British officer was killed.

On October 10, 1841, the governor of Liangjiang Yu Qian, the governor of Fujian Yu Buyun, and the general of Langshan Town Xie Chaoen led 4,000 Qing troops to fight with 2,400 British troops. The entire Qing army was wiped out, Xie Chaoen was killed, Yu Qian swallowed opium and committed suicide, and Yu Buyun fled without fighting. The casualties of the British army were unknown.

In March 1842, the Qing Dynasty general, the great-sun of Emperor Qianlong, led a large army. Duan Yongfu, the general of Ningxia Town, who was born in the year of the tiger, was the year of the tiger, and the day of the tiger, was appointed as the commander. The three routes of Ningbo, Zhenhai and Dinghai were divided into Ningbo, Zhenhai and Dinghai to counterattack the British army. However, the Qing Dynasty's counterattack ultimately failed and suffered heavy losses.

More than a year after the war, the Qing government was awakened. In particular, Emperor Daoguang, he realized that Britain's military strength was far stronger than that of the Qing Dynasty. If the Qing Dynasty continued to fight, it would undoubtedly be defeated!
Chapter completed!